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Bartlett's War of the Ghosts study
Examines how memory is influenced by cultural schemas and how people reconstruct memories based on existing beliefs and expectations.
Context-dependent memory
A phenomenon where memory recall is often better when the context during encoding matches the context during retrieval.
Demand characteristics
Cues or signals that participants pick up from an experiment, which can influence their behavior and responses.
Ecological validity
The extent to which research findings can be applied to real-world settings or situations.
False memories
Inaccurate recollections that a person believes to be true, often influenced by suggestions.
Interference
Occurs when new information interferes with the ability to remember previously learned information.
Memory encoding processes
Involves converting information into a form that can be stored in memory for later retrieval.
Memory recall
The process of retrieving information stored in the memory, including accessing previously learned facts and experiences.
Multi-store model of memory
Proposes that memory consists of three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Murdock's Serial Position Curve Study
Found that people tend to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle.
Primacy effect
The tendency to remember information that is presented first in a list.
Retroactive Interference
When newly learned information inhibits the ability to recall previously learned material.
Procedural memory
A type of long-term memory responsible for remembering how to perform tasks and skills.
Recency effect
A cognitive bias where individuals have better recall of the most recent information compared to earlier information.
Recognition
The cognitive process of identifying a previously learned object or event based on memory.
Rehearsal
The process of repeating information in order to maintain it in short-term memory.
Semantic Encoding
A process in which information is encoded based on its meaning and relevance.
Serial position effect
The tendency for people to recall the first and last items in a list more easily than the middle items.
Short-term memory
Temporary storage of information in the brain, lasting for a few seconds to minutes.
Storage
The process of retaining information in memory over time.
Visual Encoding
The process of converting visual information into a mental representation for storage and later retrieval.
Episodic Memory
A type of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences in time.
Semantic Memory
A type of long-term memory that involves the storage and recall of factual information, concepts, and knowledge about the world.
Procedural Memory
A type of long-term memory responsible for remembering how to perform tasks and skills.
Sensory Memory
The first stage of memory that holds sensory information for a very short duration, typically less than a second.
Short-term Memory features
Short-term memory has limited capacity (about 7±2 items), encodes information acoustically, and lasts about 20-30 seconds.
Long-term Memory features
Long-term memory has a potentially unlimited capacity, encodes information semantically, and can last from minutes to a lifetime.
Theory of Reconstructive Memory
Proposes that memories are not exact replicas of experiences but are reconstructed based on existing knowledge and beliefs.
Effort after Meaning
The idea that people go beyond the original information to infer meaning, thereby reconstructing memories based on understanding.
Memory as an Active Process
Memory is not passive; it involves actively encoding, storing, and retrieving information, influenced by personal schemas.
Bartlett’s War of the Ghosts Study Provisions
Participants were asked to recall a story from a different culture, showing how cultural differences influenced memory reconstruction.
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