gri test 2

race

socially constructed group of people that are identified as distinct from other groups bc of physical/genetic traits

ethnicity

social group that shares a common and distinctive culture, religion, and/or language

stereotypes

widely head oversimplified generalizations about groups of people

prejudice

preconceived negative opinions, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes about a group that are not based on reason or experience

discrimination

refers to actions against a group of people that are based on prejudice

racism

system of advantage based on race

settler colonialism

type of colonialism where indigenous ppl of a colonized region are displaces or killed off by settlers who permanently form a society there; involved historical removal project and ethnic cleansing of indigenous people

the immigration act of 1924 (the johnson-reed act)

ensured a white majority; restricted immigration to the countries with immigrants present in the 1890 census, banned immigration from asian countries

convict leasing

system of forced penal labor that was practiced historically in southern u.s.; laborers mainly African-American men

bracero program

u.s. gov sponsored program that invited Mexican farm and railroad workers into the u.s. between 1942-1964

page act of 1875

the first restrictive federal immigration law in the u.s. which prohibited the entry of Chinese women, marking the end of open borders

social class

group that is fairly similar in terms of wealth, income, education, power, and prestige in society

classism

combination of prejudice against and/or the systemic oppression of individuals or groups based on their socioeconomic status or social class; system that creates excessive inequality and assigns differential vale to people based on their wealth, income, education, and occupation

social mobility

movement of people, families, or households between the social strata of society; ability to move up in terms of status

wagner act and social security act

excluded farm workers and domestic workers from coverage, effectively denying protections and benefits to disproportionately minority sectors of the workforce while channeling them to whites

the wagner act of 1935

allowed workers to organize into unions and engage in bargaining; obligated employers to bargain w unions selected by employees in a appropriate bargaining unit

social security act of 1938

established federal system of old age benefits and social welfare programs; response to economic hardship of great depression; 40 cents/hr, 40/hr work week and overtime pay, minimum age to work of 16

federal housing act of 1934

aimed to make housing affordable and accessible, insure mortgages and reduce foreclosures

what federal housing act caused

placed federal credit bending private lending but used overtly racist categories in its ‘confidential’ city curves and appraisers’ manual that channeled almost all loan money towards whites and aware from communities of color; created wealth disparities though discriminatory home ownership opportunites

the fair labor standards act (FLSA) of 1938

established labor protections; minimum wage, overtime pay, and restriction on child labor (min age to work 16): did not apply to service-sector employees, domestic workers, and agricultural workers

status homophily

tendency of individuals to form and maintain social relationships with others who share similar social demographics such as education lvl, income, and race

assortative mating

pattern where individuals form romantic relationships and marriages with partners who have similar social positions, particularly in terms of education and income lvls

concentrated affluence

geographic clustering of wealthy households in specific neighborhoods, which has become an increasingly important driver of residential income segregation since 1990s

educational tracking

practice of sorting students into different instructional groups or course levels within schools based on assessments of academic ability; often results in socioeconomic and racial segregation within educational institutions

fissured workplace

process where the american labor market has divided into increasingly separate spheres, where high wage, highly educated workers are concentrated in different firms and industries that low-wage, less educated workers, resulting in decreased workplace contact across socioeconomic lines

model minority

minority group perceived as achieving as higher socioeconomic status than other minority groups; associated w asian americans

social construction of race

concept created and defined by society; influenced by cultural, historical, and social contexts

myth of meritocracy

falsely held belief that everyone has a chance for upward social mobility if they are ambitious, work hard, and perserve

gentrification

demographic and economic shift that displaces established working-class & POC communities in favor of wealthier newcomers and real estate development companies

the three systems of the radicalization of illegality

legal productions, differential enforcement, social construction and media

legal production

immigration laws creation of “illegal” categories that appear to be race neutral but operate within racial hierarchies

differential enforcement

“those who look illegal” idea; latinos being primarily detained while asians have less removal rate

social construction and media

stereotypes link national origin, jobs, appearance to illegality; media broadcasts cement public associations (focus on immigration on southern border disregarding the immigration from the north)