Functional anatomy lecture (EXAM 1)

Define kinesiology

the study of human movement

Hint: kinesis means movement

Exercise Physiology

Study of the acute adjustments and chronic
adaptations of the body in response to
exercise and physical activity (or lack of).

Functional Anatomy

study of how body systems cooperate to perform a function
(What it does, How it does it)

highlighted definition: The study of the function of organisms

What is clinical exercise physiology? Give three examples of what a clinical program may consist of.

Clinical exercise physiology is the Supervised exercise programs for patients:

Examples
• Heart & lung disease
• Cancer patients
• Clinically obese

What does non-clinical exercise physiology do? Give three examples of what a non-clinical program may consist of.

Non-clinical exercise physiology works with healthy adults to

Examples:
• Improve overall physical fitness
• Lose weight
• Conditioning for athletes

Name all 6 of the levels of structural organization in order!

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ system

6. Organism

Define Chemical

atoms combine to form molecules & macromolecules

Define cellular

smallest independent functioning unit of life

Hint: a cell is the smallest structural unit of an organism

Define Tissue

consist of similar types of cells performing a common
function

How many tissues does the human body have?

FOUR-4

What are the four tissues?

1. Connective tissue

2. Muscle tissue

3. Nerve tissue

4. Epithelial tissue

What does the Connective Tissue consist of?

bone, cartilage, skin, fascia, tendons, ligaments, blood & adipose

What does the Muscle Tissue consist of?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

What does the Nerve Tissue consist of?

neurons and neuroglia

What does the Epithelial Tissue consist of?

lines outer and inner surfaces of cavities

How many Organs are in the human body?

79

What two organ systems are we focusing on in this course?

Muscular and Skeletal system

Define Organ

Groups of tissues (>2) working together for a specific
function (79 organs)

Define Organ System

consists of different organs that work closely
together (10-13 organ systems)

Define Organism

made up of organ systems (1 organism)

Define Motor skill

is a task (activity, action) that has
a specific purpose or goal to achieve. And
requires voluntary head, body and limb
movements.

What are the two ways to think about motor skills?

1. Level of performance

2. By the task or action

There are TWO ways to classify motor skills for Level of Performance (Performance Proficiency Perspective)

1. Highly skilled

2. Not Highly skilled

There are FOUR ways to classify motor skills by task or action (task perspective) to help organize research findings and make application somewhat more straightforward. What are they?

1. Precision of Movement

2. Distinctiveness of Beginning and
   End-Points (on-going stream?)

3. Stability of the Environment

4. Relative importance of motor and cognitive components

Describe the Precision of Movement

Based on the amount of muscular involvement needed to
complete/execute a task.

What are the 2 categories under precision of movement?

1. Gross motor skills

2. Fine motor skills

(Define) Gross Motor Skills

Use large musculature (mus-Q-luh-cher)

Musculature means large muscle groups or muscular systems such as the Gluteus Maximus or Quadriceps (QUADS)

EX:

running, jumping, throwing, swimming, walking, climbing, dancing

(Define) Fine Motor Skills

requires greater control over small muscle

EX:

Writing, typing, drawing, buttoning a shirt, zipping a jacket, cutting with scissors

What is the difference between Gross and Fine motor skills?

Gross motor skills use large musculature and Fine motor skills requires greater control over small muscles

What are the 3 categories of Distinctiveness of Beginning and
End-Points (on-going stream?)

1. Discrete skills

2. Serial skills

3. Continuous skills

(define) Discrete skills

have a distinct beginning and ending- ,which involves a single
execution to complete the task

Ex: hitting a baseball, throwing a dart, kicking a ball

(define) Serial skills

have discrete actions linked together- require various steps or a series of movements in a sequence to complete the task.

Ex: playing the piano (because each note is a discrete action, but they must be performed in a specific sequence to play the entire song)

Gymnastics routine: perform a series of discrete skills like flips and twists in a particular order to complete the routine.

(define) Continuous skills

have no distinct beginning or end (arbitrary) - one which requires
repetition of movement patterns.

ex:

Running: the motion is continuous; no distinct start or finish (repetitive)

Swimming: Stroke when swimming is repetitive and continuous without a defined end unless the swimmer stops

What are the differences between the discrete, serial, and continuous skills?

Discrete: have a distinct beginning and ending- one which involves a single execution to complete the task

Serial: have discrete actions linked together- require various steps or a series of movements in a sequence to complete the task.

Continuous: have no distinct beginning or end (arbitrary) - one which requires repetition of movement patterns.

What are the 2 categories of stability of the environment

extra information-
Defined by the stability of the environmental context involved in the performance
situation.
1. Objects involved
2. Supporting surface
3. Other people

1. Closed skills

2. Open skills

(define) Closed skills

skills where the performance can be planned in advanced without fear of environmental changes, or can be made to fit the environment predicted in advance. Performer usually
initiates (self-paced)

-There are no outside or external variables such as people, objects, or changing conditions that make the environment unpredictable

ex:

Bowling: the environment (lane, pins, and ball) is consistent and predictable, and allowing the player to perform the same movement each time with no external obstacles

Archery: Has control over the environment (distance to target, stance, etc.) and can perform the skill in a consistent way without external obstacles

(define) Open skills

require the performer to adjust to or regulate an environment that is unpredictable. Movements are timed to external features of the environment (externally-paced)

-Performed in unpredictable environments where the performer must react to external variables such as people, objects, or changing conditions. That may require constant adjustment to the environment.

ex:

Soccer: Must adjust movements in response to the ball’s movement, other players, and changing game conditions

Basketball: Player must react to movements of other players, the ball, and the overall game flow

What are the differences between Closed and Open skills?

Closed skills: skills where the performance can be planned in advanced without fear of environmental changes, or can be made to fit the environment predicted in advance. Performer usually
initiates (self-paced)

while Open skills is…..

require the performer to adjust to or regulate an environment that is unpredictable. Movements are timed to external features of the environment (externally-paced)

Which skill requires more perception and decision-making? Open or Closed skills?

Open skills

What are the 2 categories of Relative importance of motor and cognitive components?

1. Motor skills

2. Cognitive skills

(define) Motor skills

did not have a definition on the slides so wing it!

Any physical movements and coordination of the body’s muscles.

Ex:

writing, typing, running, and jumping

(define) Cognitive skills

did not have a definition on the slides so wing it!

Involve mental processes like thinking, reasoning, learning, problem-solving, and decision-making these skills are needed to process information and problem-solving.

Ex: memory, attention, language, decision-making

What is the meaning of self-paced and externally-paced?

Self-paced: The performer has full control over when to start and how fast to execute the skill. The timing and movement are determined by the individual, and external factors do not dictate the pace.

ex: kicking a ball in soccer, throwing a dart, and golf swing

Externally-paced: Timing and rhythm of the movement are not controlled by the individual, rather they’re controlled by the external factors or forces, such as other people, objects, or environmental conditions. The performer must react to these external stimuli and cannot control when or how fast the skill occurs

ex: Tennis serve (the opponent must respond to the other opponents serve), catching a thrown ball (individual must adjust their movement in response to the speed/direction of the ball), and racing in athletics (individual has to react to the start signal and keep their pace with the race conditions)

Why is information processing particularly important for open skills?

Because it helps individuals perceive, evaluate, and respond to external stimuli enabling them to make quick decisions, anticipate changes, adapt to unexpected situations, and adjust their actions in real-time.

How do we determine whether a person is skilled or unskilled at a particular task (think Performance Proficiency Perspective)?

These features distinguish higher-skilled performers from lower-skilled ones in 3 components. What are the 3 components?

1. Maximum certainty of goal achievement
2. Minimum energy expenditure
3. Minimum movement time

Anterior- (ventral)

Means that a body part is located toward the
front.

ex:

• The nose is anterior to the ear.
• The toes are found on the anterior portion of the foot

Posterior- (dorsal)

Means that a body part is located toward the
back.

ex:

• The spinal column is posterior to the sternum.
• The ischium is posterior to the pubis

The terms anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal are only
interchangeable for bipeds (creatures that walk on 2 legs)

(TRUE/FALSE)

TRUE

Anterior and posterior means what?

Front and back

Superior

Means that a body part is located above another part, or
toward the head

ex:

• The face is superior to the neck.

Inferior

Means that a body part
is located below another part, or
toward the feet.

ex:

• The navel (belly button) is inferior to the chin.

Superior and inferior means what?

Above and below

Medial

Means that a body part is nearer than another part to an imaginary midline of the body.

Ex:

1. The bridge of the nose is medial to the eyes

2. The big toe is the most medial toe

Lateral

Means that a body part is farther away from the midline.

Ex:

1. The eyes are lateral to the nose

2. The thumb is lateral to the other digits

Medial and lateral means what?

Right and left

Proximal

Means that a body part is closer to the point of attachment or closer to the trunk.

Ex:

1. The elbow is proximal to the hand

2. The upper arm is proximal to the wrist

Distal

Means that a body part is farther from the point of attachment or further from the trunk or torso

Ex:

1. The hand is distal to the elbow

2. The foot is distal to the thigh

Superficial

Means that a body parts located near the surface

Ex:

1. The skin is superficial to the muscles

Deep

Means that a body part is located away from the surface

Ex:

1. The bones are deep to the skin

2. The brain is deep to the skull

Anterioinferior

In the front and below

Anterolateral

In the front to the outside

Anteromedial

In front and towards the inner side or midline

Anterosuperior

In front and above

Posteroinferior

Behind and below

Posterolateral

Behind and to the outside

Posteromedial

Behind and towards the midline

Posterosuperior

behind and above

Unilateral

Pertaining to one side of the body

Bilateral

Pertaining to both sides of the body

Ipsilateral

The same side of a reference point

Contralateral

The opposite side of a reference point

Motion

Action or process of changing position

Movement

Change in position

What are the 2 basic forms of movement?

1. Linear Motion (translation)

2. Angular Motion

(Define) Linear Motion (translation)

All points move the same distance in the same direction at the same time

What are the two components of Linear motion (translation)?

1. Rectilinear translation

2. Curvilinear translation

(Define) Rectilinear Translation

Motion along a straight line

(Define) Curvilinear translation

Motion along a curved line

(Define) Angular Motion

Rotation around a central imaginary point known as the axis of rotation

(Define) Prone

Laying on your stomach, face downward

(Define) Supine

Laying on back, face up

The terms Prone and Supine can also refer to the position of what?

Hands and forearms

ex: supination and pronation

(define) Lateral recumbent

refers to a body position where a person is lying on their side.

Lateral-side

Recumbent-lying down

what are the 2 sagittal plane movements?

Flexion and Extension

(Define) Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two bones

(Define) Extension

Increasing the angle between two bones; movement that returns a body segment to the anatomical position from position of flexion as aggressive as

(Define) Hyperextension

The rotation beyond anatomical position in the direction opposite to flexion

-Only a few joints can hyperextend without causing injury (ex: acetabulofemoral and Glenohumeral)

What are the two movements of the frontal plane?

Adduction and Abduction

What is the movement of the transverse plane?

Rotation

What are the THREE specialized terms for the SAGITTAL PLANE?

1. Hyperextension

2. Dorsiflexion

3. Plantarflexion

What are the SIX(6) specialized terms for the FRONTAL PLANE?

1. Elevation (scapula)

2. Depression (scapula)

3. Radial deviation

4. Ulnar deviation

5. Inversion (supination) (FOOT)

6. Eversion (pronation) (FOOT)

What are the SIX(6) specialized terms for the Transverse plane?

1. Pronation (hand and wrist)

2. Supination (hand and wrist)

3. Horizontal flexion (adduction)

4. Horizontal extension (abduction)

5. Protraction

6. Retraction

What plane and body parts are used for the terms Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?

Special names for sagittal plane rotation at the ankle

Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Dorsiflexion, and Plantarflexion are all types of what?

They are all types of ANGULAR MOTION

Frontal plane movements:

(Define) Abduction

Move a segment away from the midline

Frontal movements:

(Define) Adduction

Move a segment towards the midline

Frontal plane movements:

(Define) Elevation

Moving to a superior position

Ex: scapula moving up during pull ups

Frontal plane movements:

(Define) Depression

Moving to an inferior position

Ex: scapula moving down during pull ups

Frontal plane movements:

And fingers and toes, the red line used in abduction/ adduction is the midline of the….

Hand and foot

Frontal plane movements:

(Define) Radial deviation

“Lateral flexion” of the hand towards the radius