PERSONALITI BAHAGIAN II

A collection of flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on personality and individual differences.

Big Five Theory

A model that describes five major dimensions of personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Personality

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Correlational Test

A statistical method used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Pearson Correlation

A widely used correlational test denoted by 'r' that measures the linear relationship between two variables.

Regression Analysis

A statistical technique that predicts the value of one variable based on the value of one or more other variables.

Criterion Variable

The variable that researchers are trying to predict in a regression analysis.

Predictive Validity

The extent to which scores on a scale or test predict future behavior or performance.

Dispositional Theories

Theories that explain personality based on individual differences determined by personality traits.

Mediation

A type of association where the relationship between two variables is explained by a third variable.

Moderation

A situation where the strength or direction of a relationship between two variables varies depending on the level of a third variable.

Neuroticism

A personality trait associated with emotional instability, anxiety, and moodiness.

Conscientiousness

A personality trait characterized by organization, dependability, and discipline.

Openness to Experience

A personality trait that reflects a willingness to consider new ideas and engage in novel experiences.

Temperament

The innate aspects of an individual’s personality, such as emotional reactivity and self-regulation.

Causal Models

Models explaining how one variable influences another, often tested in SEM.

Behavioral Outcomes

The observable results of behavior influenced by personality traits.

Self-report Inventories

Questionnaires that require individuals to reflect on and report their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Statistical Tests

Procedures used to analyze data and draw conclusions based on statistical analysis.

Validity

The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Standard Deviation (S)

A statistic that measures the dispersion of data points from their mean.

Correlation Coefficient

A numerical measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Psychogenic Perspective

An approach that sees psychological factors as influencing physical health.

Somatogenic Perspective

An approach that views physical factors as causes of psychological differences.

Somatic Symptoms

Physical symptoms that arise from psychological conditions, such as stress or anxiety.

Emotional Stability

A personality trait associated with calmness and resilience.

Cultural Influences

Factors that affect personality and behavior based on cultural background.

Positive Psychology

The study of factors that contribute to human happiness and well-being.

Behavioral Consequences

The outcomes of actions that can influence personality.

Life Satisfaction

The degree to which an individual feels content with their life as a whole.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Compassionate Love

A close, enduring relationship based on affection and intimacy.

Exchange Relationships

Relationships based on a calculation of costs and benefits.

Communal Relationships

Relationships based on mutual concern for each other’s welfare.

Psychosomatic Illness

A physical disease that is thought to be caused or made worse by mental factors.

Hypertension

A condition of abnormally high blood pressure.

Subjective Well-being

An individual's self-assessment of their own happiness and life satisfaction.

Causal Chain

A series of events occurring in succession where one event causes another.

Behavioral Activation

A treatment for depression that focuses on decreasing avoidance behavior and increasing engagement in valued activities.

Interpersonal Relationships

Connections and interactions between two or more individuals.