GE108: READINGS IN PHIL. HISTORY INTRODUCTION

• One meaning is that it is the sum total of what happened in the past – every event, every action, and every thought that a human being has done.

• Another meaning of history is the act of analyzing and writing about the past. It is not only the past but is also the study of the past.

two meanings of history

history

One meaning is that it is the sum total of what happened in the past – every event, every action, and every thought that a human being has done.

history

is the act of analyzing and writing about the past. It is not only the past but is also the study of the past.

his story

History is a bi-word from the words

his story

are stories which has relevance, meaning and importance to man. Man’s point of view, why not (Herstory).

Ito’y mga salasay na may saysay.

kasaysayan came from the phrase

Arnold Toybee

Challenge and Response Theory

Challenge and Response Theory

is based on the idea that man responds to the situation placed before him. His actions are based on his thoughts. Thus, the society’s way of facing the challenges depending upon its capabilities uncovers the pattern of the society’s history. Mankind’s approach in coping with challenges determines history

Alvin Scaff

Exchange Theory

Exchange Theory

refers to the systematic statement of principles that govern the exchange of goods between individuals, between groups or nations. This is based on the idea of reciprocity. Alliances of people, communities as well as nations are rooted in the idea of interchange.

Georg Wilhem Hegel

Role of Historical Man Theory

Role of Historical Man Theory

it follows a principle, which he called Weltgiest or world spirit, which embodies ideals like patriotism, heroism and unity.  Since historical individual are ideals and man follows his ideal or thoughts.

weltgiest

world spirit

Karl Marx

Materialist Concept of History Theory

Materialist Concept of History Theory

asserts that the prevailing economic system determines the form of societal organization and the political and intellectual history, thus attribute actions and events in history to economic motives. Human interrelations depend on the material conditions of their production.

Fernand Braudel

Hisoriography Theory

father of historical structuralism

Fernand Braudel

Historiography Theory

human actions are not only based on human decisions but also on structures that may be natural (resources or topography) or man-made (like existing laws or technology). (theory) 

Total History

is to integrate all aspects of man’s past. It involves the study of history in its total view made possible by examining the circumstances underlying such politics, economics, social and cultural events 

Teodoro Agoncillo
Renato Constantino
Wilhem Dilthey

historians

Ambeth Ocampo
Zeus Salazar
Xiao Chua

contemporary filipino historians

Teodoro Agoncillo

father of Filipino Nationalist Historiography

Teodoro Agoncillo

The Phils. Past is by analyzing the conditions of the masses. His effort in rewriting history is like other contemporary historians were reactions to the traditional presentations of Phil. History, being colonial and elitist.

Renato Constantino

history is recorded struggle of people for ever increasing freedom and for newer and higher realization of the human person. It is not the story of man as an individual, but man as the associated man. Phil. History is a story of struggle, the study has to be assessed with a national perspective in the interest of objectivity.

Wilhem Dilthey

Absolute objectivity is inconceivable. Since people grow up in cultural environment, they have imbibed the prevailing worldview in addition to their own nature which results to their own subjectivity. Historians are product of their time.

Ambeth Ocampo

History does not repeat itself, it is we who repeat it. And when it does seem to repeat, it does so in slightly different ways.

Zeus Salazar

History must be learned and read, but how must it be told. Historiography, or the act of writing history, is not just a matter of scouring through dank archives, conducting long-winded interviews, or narrowing one’s data to pure facts. Historiography is how we interpret the past, and history is the base of that interpretation. (Pantayong Pananaw)

Historiography

the act of writing history, is not just a matter of scouring through dank archives, conducting long-winded interviews, or narrowing one’s data to pure facts.

Historiography

is not just a matter of scouring through dank archives, conducting long-winded interviews, or narrowing one’s data to pure facts. Historiography is how we interpret the past, and history is the base of that interpretation.

Xiao Chua

history is a way for history to really remain relevant, may saysay, to our people. But historians must be generous in guiding people when they need it, and reminding them to respect the methodology and also, the collegiality, among us.

• Philippine History centered on Political History  - Wars, Colonization, Politicians. Heroes, (Cultural History, Religious History, Food History, etc.)

• Philippine History began / started during the Spanish Colonization (Pre-Colonial / Pre-historic Philippines)

• Philippine History were products of facts and myths.

misconception of phil. history

Myths

are traditional stories

Myths

We tend to associate these with religion and ritual, and with ancient societies (Greeks in the west; folk epics and legends locally).

truth

Myth and mythologies are powerful because they always have an element of “____” (elusive as truth may be).  They may relate to actual events.

Myths

continue to be important, if not indispensable, in ancient and modern societies.

• Creating the imagined community, even a nation.

• Reflecting social norms (including prejudices)

• Articulating social tensions, and perhaps allowing some “therapy”

• Explaining the mysterious and the unknown

Myths are there for many reasons:

• Biag ni Lam-ang

• Malakas at Maganda

• Mariang Sinukuan at Alamat ng Bundok ng Susong Dalaga

• Philippines as 7,107 islands?

• Robinson’s Snake

• The Ghost of the Film Center

• San Juanico Bridge and Sipay

• Rizal bilang Kristong Kayumanggi at Mt. Banahaw bilang Bagong Israel

examples of myth

primary sources
secondary sources

kinds of historical sources

Primary Sources

is defined as a piece of evidence written or created during the period of investigation. It is a record left by a person who witnessed the event one is studying.

Primary Sources

can be an eyewitness account or firsthand.

Primary Sources

It can also be non-written.

Primary Sources

They can be in the form of artifacts or edifices or property.

Secondary Sources

in history are works produced after the event has taken place.

Secondary Sources

They are usually an assessment or commentary of events, people or institutions of the past.

External Criticism

which aims at the authenticity of the primary source. It aims to check whether the source is fake or real.

Paleography

it validates the authenticity of the paper or ink of the document belong to the period being studied. It checks whether the handwriting in the document belongs to the person being researched or studied.

Philology

It studies the style and language of the text in a document.

Numimastics

if the primary source would study coins and medals

Epigraphy

if the primary source study monuments and its inscriptions.

Archeology

are study of Artifacts include tools, clothing, and decorations. Non-portable remains, such as pyramids. It uses artifacts and features to learn how people lived in specific times and place

Paleontology

is the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils. It studies fossil remains to understand different aspects of extinct and living organisms. Individual fossils may contain information about an organism's life and environment.

Internal Criticism

which checks on the reliability of the sources. (Guide Questions)

1. How close the author to the event being studied? Ex. Antonio Pigafetta account of the Battle of Mactan.

2. When was the account made? Ex. Did Jose Rizal wrote a retraction letter before his execution.

3. Who was the recipient of the account? Ex. Maria Rizal received the Mi Ultimo Adios letter.

4. Is the account corroborated with other accounts. Ex. Letter of the Katipunan.

guide questions in internal criticism

• Ten Bornean Datus

• The Philippines as part of Sri-Vijaya

• Code of Kalantiaw

• Tasaday as a Stone-Age Tribe

because of historical criticism, there are historical facts which are discovered as myth