exam 2 full review

Which fatty acid has the highest melting point

steric acid (more solid at room temp., fewer double bonds = more hydrogen on a molecule)

what would decrease water requirement as a percent of body weight

the animal getting fatter

what vitamin is involved in blood clotting

vitamin K

What is the carbon notation for docosahexanoic acid (DHA)

22:6

What disease/conditions is most likely to be caused by an iodine deficiency

goiter

Which trace mineral is only required by ruminants

cobalt

The requirement for dietary intake of which vitamin increases in climates with shorter daylength

vitamin D

What macrominerals is not involved in bone formation

sodium

Which of the following minerals has a negative charge

chloride

Phytate decreases the bioavailability of which mineral

• phosphorus

• zinc

What fatty acid is essential

arachidonic acid

7 physiological roles of lipids

• Provide long-term energy storage,

• Cell signaling,

• Formation of steroid hormones (Cortisol, Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone),

• Formation of vitamin D,

• Bile acid,

• Inflammatory signals (eicosanoids/oxylipins),

• Provide cellular structure,

• Provides insulation for nerve cells

general structure of a triglyceride

glycerol back bone and 3 fatty acid tails

general structure of a diglyceride

glycerol backbone and two fatty acids

monoglyceride

glycerol backbone and 1 fatty acid tail

difference between a “free fatty acid” and an “esterified fatty acid”

• free fatty acid: chain of carbon molecules with methyl and carboxyl end

• esterified fatty acid: formed an ester bond with a glycerol molecule

name the 4 general roles that steroids have in metabolism

• cholesterol: lipid transport

• bile acids & salts: emulsification of fats in digestive tract

• vitamin D: required hormone for calcium metabolism & immune system

• steroid hormones: corticosteroids, estrogens, androgens, progesterone

what type of hormones are derivatives of cholesterol

steroids

hormones within that would be derived from cholesterol

• corticosteroids (stress hormones)

• estrogens (sex hormones)

• androgens (sex hormones)

• progesterone (pregnancy hormone)

which type of fatty acids are pro-inflammatory

omega-6

which type of fatty acids are anti-inflammatory

omega-3

which end of a fatty acid do you begin counting from using the delta counting scheme?

count from carboxyl end

which end of a fatty acid do you begin counting from using the omega counting scheme?

count from methyl end

cis double bond and a trans double bond

• cis is more of a hexagonal shape

• trans is like a squiggle

C16:0

palmitic acid

C18:0

stearic acid

C18:1

oleic acid

C18:2

linoleic acid

C18:3

linolenic acid (essential, omega-3)

C20:4

arachidonic acid (conditionally essential, omega-6)

C20:5

EPA (conditionally essential, fish oil, omega-3)

C22:6

DHA (conditionally essential, fish oil, omega-3)

antidioxants prevent which type of rancidity of fats

oxidative rancidity

which type of fatty acid is responsible for causing milk-fat depression

CLA-Conjugated Linoleic Acids

• specifically, trans-10 cis-12 CLA

rank the following animal species by their fat requirement: cats, pigs, horses, ruminants

highest: cats, pigs, horses, ruminants : lowest

saturated fats

no double bonds between carbon atoms in fatty acid chains

• saturated with hydrogen atoms

unsaturated fats

1 or more double bonds (kinks) between carbon atoms

• have fewer hydrogen atoms than saturated fats

how does the amount of saturation affect melting point of the fat, and oxidation of the fat

• as saturation goes up, melting point goes up

• as saturation goes down, oxidation goes up

what is iodine a measure of

unsaturation of fat

• more unsaturated bonds = higher iodine number

symptoms of a dietary fat deficiency

• reduced growth & feed deficiency

• poor reproductive performance

• skin lesions, hair loss, poor feathering

• subcutaneous hemorrhage

what are the 3 essential fatty acids in all animals

linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic

how does age affect the relative amount of body water within an animal

1. At birth: water is 60-85% of total body weight

2. At maturity: water is 45-65% of total body weight

functions of water

1. Maintains shape of body cells

2. Lubricates and cushions joints

3. Insulates vital organs

4. Assists digestion

5. Removal of wastes

6. Transports nutrients and signals

7. Required for chemical reactions within the body

8. Regulates body temperature

9. Regulates osmotic and acid base balance

Where does metabolic water come from

nutrient metabolism

approximately how much of the total body water does metabolic water account for?

accounts for 5-10% of total body water

What factors affect water intake in animals?

• age of animal

• dry matter consumption

• diet consumption

• production status

• activity work level

• metabolic rate

• weather

• species differences

how does age affect water intake

• Animals consume more total water as they get larger

• water intake goes down with age because body fat is inversely correlated with body water

how does dry matter consumption affect water intake

• Greater dry matter intake = greater water intake

• Wetter feeds = less water intake

how does diet consumption affect water intake

• Salt increases intake to balance osmotic pressure

• Protein increases intake to flush out excess nitrogen via urine

• Fiber increases intake due to excess salivation

how does production status affect water intake

• Growing animals require more water for metabolism

• Lactating animals require a ton of water for milk production

how does activity work level affect water intake

• More activity = more water requirement

how does metabolic rate affect water intake

• Faster metabolism = more water

• Hibernating animals require nearly no water intake

• High-strung animals require more water

how does weather affect water intake

• Hot weather increases water consumption

• Water intake decreases with decreasing temperature

how does species differences affect water intake

1. Mammals have greater requirements

2. Birds have a lower water requirement

3. Freshwater fish do not drink

4. Boney saltwater fish “drink”

4 contaminants that can affect water quality

• minerals (especially salt, calcium, magnesium, & sulfur)

• nitrates

• blue-green algae

• pesticides

where do minerals (especially salt, calcium, magnesium, & sulfur) come from

ground/soil

where do nitrates come from

• Occurs in groundwater during over application of manure or nitrogen fertilizer

• Contamination can occur from septic tanks or manure storage

where does blue-green algae come from

• Occurs when high nitrogen is found in water supply

• can occur in water troughs/stock tanks if not cleaned

where do pesticides come from

comes from agricultural runoff & accidental spills

which units are vitamins measured in

• A, D, E : ug (international units)

• K, B, C : ppm (mg/kg) or (mg/lb)

4 fat soluble vitamins

• A-retinol

• D-calciferol

• E-tocopherol

• K1-phylloquinone

all water soluble vitamins

vitamins B1,2,5,7,6,3,9,12, & C

vitamin A

retinol

vitamin D

calciferol

vitamin E

tocopherol

vitamin K1

phylloquinone

vitamin B1

thiamin

vitamin B2

riboflavin

vitamin B5

pantothenic acid

vitamin B7

biotin

vitamin B6

pyridoxine

vitamin B3

niacin

vitamin B9

folic acid

vitamin B12

cobalamin

vitamin C

ascorbic acid

on average what is the shelf life of vitamin mixes

3-4 months

what is the shelf life of vitamin trace-mineral premixes

30 days or less

role of vitamin A

visual pigments

2 precursors of vitamin A

• B-carotene

• retinoic acid

deficiency symptoms of vitamin A

• night blindness

• eye lesions

• eye ulcers

• pig bone deformities

• abortions (sleep & cattle)

which mineral is most likely to be toxic within an animal

vitamin D

symptoms of vitamin D toxicity

• anorexia

• reduced growth rate

• reduced liver rate

• hypercalcemia

• reduced weights of the radius & ulna

• calcification of the aorta, heart, kidney, and lung

• dehydration, vomiting, fatigue

roles of vitamin D

• bone formation

• increase intestinal Ca & P absorption

• CHO metabolism

2 deficiencies of vitamin D

• rickets

• soft egg shells

3 major functions of vitamin E

• antioxidant

• muscle structure

• reproduction

• immune function

3 natural sources of vitamin D

• cod liver oil

• beef liver

• alfalfa, sun cured

• egg yolk

• mushrooms, uv-irradiated

the active form of which vitamin is synthesized in the skin in the presence of UV light

vitamin D

which mineral is associated with vitamin E

selenium

deficiencies of vitamin E

• Nutritional muscular dystrophy

• Impaired sperm production

• Hemorrhage in pig embryos

• Retained placenta

• Milberry heart disease (pigs & elephants)

• White muscle disease in cows

• Inability to resolve inflammation/oxidative stress

which vitamin is responsible for blood coagulation/clotting

vitamin K

Dicoumerol in moldy sweet clover is an antagonist for vitamin K, what does it cause?

• Fatal Hemorrhaging/uncontrolled bleeding

• Causes vitamin K deficiency

which B vitamin can only be synthesized by microbes

vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

how does basal metabolic rate affect the requirement for B vitamins

greater metabolic rate = greater B vitamin requirement

Pellagara, red tongue, and black tongue, are deficiency symptoms of which B vitamin?

vitamin B3 (niacin)

role of choline in fat metabolism

involved in the one-carbon metabolism pathway (methyl donor), liver lipid export

rank the vitamin C requirement of the following animals: horses, guinea pigs, cows, pigs

highest: guinea pigs, pigs, horses, cows : lowest

what is an “organic” trace mineral

mineral bound to organic molecule

what does it mean for a mineral to be “chelated”

trace minerals are minerals bound to an amino acid