ESTH 1010 Study Guide

anatomy

the study of human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts

physiology

study of the functions or activities performed by the body's structures

histology

also known as microscopic anatomy; the study of the structure and composition of tissue

cells

basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life

protoplasm

colorless

nucleus

the central part

nucleoplasm

fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA; determines our genetic makeup

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

the blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell

mitochondria

cell structure that takes in nutrients

ATP

transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism

neurons

also known as nerve cell; cells that make up the nerves

cell membrane

part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell

soluble

capable of being dissolved or liquefied

mitosis

cells dividing into two new cells (daughter cells); the usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues

metabolism

(1) a chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities; (2) the process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy. Metabolism consists of two parts: anabolism and catabolism

tissue

collection of similar cells that perform a particular function

connective tissue

fibrous tissue that binds together

adipose tissue

specialized connective tissue considered fat

epithelial tissue

protective covering on body surfaces

muscle tissue

tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body

nerve tissue

tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions

organs

structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions in plants and animals

body systems

also known as systems

integumentary system

the skin and its accessory organs

exocrine glands

also known as duct glands; produce a substance that travels through small

skin

external protective coating that covers the body. The body’s largest organ; acts as a barrier to protect body systems from the outside elements

skeletal system

physical foundation of the body

joint

connection between two or more bones of the skeleton

cranium

oval

occipital bone

hindmost bone of the skull

nape

back of the neck

parietal bones

bones that form the sides and top of the cranium

frontal bone

bone forming the forehead

temporal bones

bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region

ethmoid bone

light

sphenoid bone

forms the sides of the eye socket

nasal bones

bones that form the bridge of the nose

zygomatic bones

bones that form the prominence of the cheeks; the cheek bones

maxillae bones

form the upper jaw

mandible

lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face

cervical vertebrae

the seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column

thorax

also known as chest or pulmonary trunk; consists of the sternum

ribs

twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax

scapula

one pair of large

sternum

the flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs

clavicle

bone joining the sternum and scapula

humerus

uppermost and largest bone in the arm

ulna

inner and larger bone of the forearm

radius

smaller bone in the forearm on the same side of the thumb

carpus

a flexible joint composed of eight small

metacarpus

consists of five long

phalanges

the bones in the fingers

digits

also known as phalanges; the bones in the fingers

muscular system

body system that covers

origin

part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle

belly

middle part of the muscle

insertion

point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more movable body part

frontalis

front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows

epicranius

the broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis

occipitalis

back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward

orbicularis oculi

ring muscle of the eye socket; closes the eyelid

levator palpebrae superioris muscle

thin muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application

glabella

the corregator and procerus muscles; considered an area or region between the eyebrows at the top of the nose

procerus

muscle that covers the bridge of the nose

nasalis

two-part muscle which covers the nose

buccinator

thin

triangularis

also known as the depressor anguli oris; is the muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth

depressor anguli oris

muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth

mentalis

muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

orbicularis oris

flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses

levator anguli oris

is a muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward

risorius

muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back

levator labii superioris

is a muscle that elevates the lip and dilates the nostrils

quadratus labii superioris

a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip. It is sometimes called the levator labii superioris

zygomaticus

consists of major and minor muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth that elevates the lip

masseter

one of the muscles that coordinate with the temporalis

auricularis muscles

the three muscles of the ear that work together to move the ear upward

platysma

broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip

sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

muscle of the neck that depresses and rotates the head

latissimus dorsil

large

trapezius

muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back; stabilizes the scapula and shrugs the shoulders

biceps

muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow

deltoid

large

triceps

large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm

abduction

muscles that draw a body part

adduction

muscles that draw a body part

flexion

when muscles move to pull the body part toward the core of the body

extension

when muscles straighten. when the wrist

pronate

when muscles turn inward. for example

supinate

when muscles rotate

nervous system

body system composed of the brain

neurology

the scientific study of the structure

central nervous system (CNS)

cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles

brain

part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation

brain stem

structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain

spinal cord

portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain

nerves

whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue

sensory nerves

carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain

receptors

sensory nerve endings located close to the surface of the skin