UNIT 2 AP CSP internet

Computer servers

a more powerful computer that "serves" other computers by providing some service or functionality; usually housed in a data center so lots of other "client" computers can access it.

File server

stores and manages files that can be accessed by other computers on a network.

Web server

responds to requests for webpages by other computers.

Routers

devices that help "route" network requests and help connect computers and send data packets.

Embedded device

a highly specialized device meant for a very specific purpose; usually embedded, or included within another object or as part of a larger system.

Computing system

a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose.

Computer network

a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending and receiving data.

Node

any addressable device on a network.

Network interface card

allows a computer to join a network as a node; a node must have one to be able to join the network.

Network switches

central nodes that move messages to nodes in the same network.

Network router

connects two or separate networks.

Network bandwidth

maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time.

Data transfer rate

the time it takes to transfer data from one device to another (measured in Mbps

Uploading

sending data (purchasing something, saving files to the cloud, sending files, posting on social media).

Downloading

receiving data (browsing websites, reading email, watching movie/videos, listening to music, playing online games).

Latency

how long it takes data to travel between its source and its destination.

IP Address

an Internet Protocol address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network.

Hostname

unique identification for a specific computer on the Internet.

Domain Name

part of a hostname that identifies a specific organization or group; acts like a phonebook for the Internet.

Cloud computing

a network of remote servers (powerful computers) located around the world, usually in large, safe buildings called Data Centers.

Packets

packages/envelopes of information that contain chunks of data or metadata used for routing the packet between the origin and the destination on the Internet as well as for data reassembly.

Protocols

networking rules that packets follow in order to get to the destination in the right order.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

the first protocol that helps the computer break the messages into packets, create a header for each packet that identifies the data, and assigns a port to the message.

Internet Protocol (IP)

the next protocol that adds its own header, adding destination and sender's IP address to the packets, and deals with the routing of packets through interconnected networks to their destination.

Packet routing

routers direct the packets as they move between networks; they choose the fastest (or cheapest) route (which is not necessarily the shortest route); usually dynamic, meaning it is not specified in advance.

Path

sequence of directly connected computing devices; begins at sender and ends at receiver.

Internet

a computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (non

Fault tolerance

a system that can support failures and still continue to function.

Redundancy

the inclusion of extra components that can be used to mitigate failure of a system if other components fail.

DDoS

stands for distributed denial of service; cyber attack on a specific server or network that attempts to disrupt normal operations or traffic for that server. The attack floods the server or network with a constant flood of traffic that makes it impossible for the server to withstand the influx of messages.

Botnet

group of bots used in a DDoS attack to overwhelm a site.

Sequential computing

a computational model in which operations are performed in order one at a time.

Parallel computing

a computational model where the program is broken into multiple smaller sequential computing operations, some of which are performed simultaneously.

Distributed computing

a computational model in which multiple devices are used to run a program.

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HTTPS

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

URL

Uniform Resource Locator

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language

Webpage

page with information that is written in HTML and is published on the WWW.

Link

connection between one page and another.

Website

collection of webpages on the same domain.

Web browser

Software that displays an HTML page; HTML tags guide the browser.