BotanyLeaves

Xerophyte Thick cuticle

________, multiple epidermis, and stomatal chamber, which allows for dead air space and a boundary layer of still air which elevates relative humidity in the vicinity of the stomata.

Dicots

________ have been separated into eudicots and magnoliids based on when they evolved.

Leaf

________ tissues- Leaves composed of epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular tissue Only produced by primary growth Epidermis provides strength and protective covering with cuticle.

Leaf morphology varies

________ according to plant habitat availability of water and sunlight, primarily.

Nymphaea

________ is a floating aquatic plant and has stomata in the upper leaf epidermis only.

Grasses

________ are unique in that they have intercalary meristems in between the apical meristems, specifically, between the blade and the sheath and at the stem.

Petiole

________ is the structure that positions the leaf in the optimal position for sun.

C4

As is typical of ________ plants, the vascular bundles are surrounded by large, chloroplast- containing bundle- sheath cells, which are surrounded by a layer of mesophyll cells.

Mesophytes

________ occupy habitats with plentiful, but not overabundant, water.

Pith

________ is a tissue region, not a tissue type, so with scattered vascular bundles its all cortex.

C3

________ is the ordinary type of photosynthesis, where there is a 3- carbon metabolite that bonds to carbon to make sugar.

Mesophyll

________ is the ground tissue of the leaf.

Oleander

________ is a xerophyte, reflected by the structure of the leaf.

Epidermis

________ provides strength and protective covering with cuticle.

Stem structure

________- Series of nodes and internodes Procambial strands differentiate into vascular bundles Leaf trace Procambial strand through cortex and into leaf primordium Leaf trace gap Space created in vascular cylinder by Leaf trace Branch trace Diversion of cylinder of procambial strands to bud primordia Diverges above leaf trace and leaves a branch gap.

Nodes

________ need vascular tissue to diverge from the stem.

enzyme

The ________ that makes the carbon- carbon bond in c3 psyn can also accept oxygen as a substrate.

Magnoliids

________ are ancestral angiosperms, so early evolving angiosperms were much like the magnolias we have today.

Palisade parenchyma

________ specialized for photosynthesis.

Stomates

________ generally on undersurface of leaf, may be sunken in xerophytes.

Eaves

________ composed of epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular tissue Usually produced by only primary growth.

Magnolids

________ and Eudicots- Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Herbaceous dicot stems Vascular bundles separated by cortex Wide interfascicular region Woody dicot stems Narrow interfascicular regions, even in primary growth.

Vascular bundles

________ distributed throughout Dicots have netted (reticulate) venation branching pattern of successively smaller veins, often with midvein.

Pyruvic acid

________ is the 3- carbon metabolite bonded to carbon dioxide which makes a 4- carbon sugar, malate, or malic acid in the mesophyll.

protophloem differentiate

The protoxylem and ________ within the intercalary meristem and connect the more highly differentiated regions of the stem above and below the meristem.

Bulliform cells

________ often occur in grasses Specialized, large cells that expand with water to open leaf or become flaccid when water is scarce, allowing leaf to curl and preserve water.

Shoot apical meristem

________ produces new stem tissue and leaves- Leaf primordia become leaves, bud primordia become lateral shoots.

Parallel venation

________ in most monocots Series of veins of similar size extending along the main axis of the leaf and interconnected by smaller veins Small veins often surrounded by mesophyll cells called bundle sheath.

malate

The ________ is moved into the bundle sheath cells where carbon dioxide is liberated and then fixed by the normal c3 pathway.

theyre separate lineages of flowering

So eudicots are derived, magnoliids are ancestral with respect to monocots- all together they are dicots that have two cotyledons, but ________ plants.

C4 grasses

As is typical of ________, the mesophyll cells (arrows) are radially arranged around the bundle sheaths, which consist of large cells containing many large chloroplasts.

Palisade parenchyma

Stomates generally on undersurface of leaf Mesophyll is the ground tissue ________ specialized for photosynthesis.

Vascular bundles

________ distributed throughout the leaf Netted or reticulate venation characterizes dicots- Branching pattern of successively smaller veins, often with midvein.

Parallel venation

________ in most monocots veins of similar size extend along the main axis of the leaf and interconnected by smaller veins Small veins often surrounded by mesophyll cells called bundle sheath.

Bulliform cells

________ often occur in grasses specialized, large cells that expand with water to open leaf or become flaccid when water is scarce, allowing leaf to curl and preserve water.

palisade parenchyma

The ________ consists of several layers of cells above the spongy parenchyma.

Functions of stem

Conduction, support

Shoot apical meristem produces new stem tissue and leaves

Leaf primordia become leaves, bud primordia become lateral shoots

Primary stem structures

Monocots, magnolids and eudicots

Magnolids and Eudicots

Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Herbaceous dicot stems Vascular bundles separated by cortex Wide interfascicular region Woody dicot stems Narrow interfascicular regions, even in primary growth

Stem structure

Series of nodes and internodes Procambial strands differentiate into vascular bundles Leaf trace Procambial strand through cortex and into leaf primordium Leaf trace gap Space created in vascular cylinder by Leaf trace Branch trace Diversion of cylinder of procambial strands to bud primordia Diverges above leaf trace and leaves a branch gap

Edge of leaf

margin

Leaf tissues

Leaves composed of epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular tissue Only produced by primary growth Epidermis provides strength and protective covering with cuticle

Note the very thick cuticle covering the several

layers of epidermis on the upper and lower surfaces

Vascular bundles distributed throughout the leaf Netted or reticulate venation characterizes dicots

Branching pattern of successively smaller veins, often with midvein