Mix biology class 11th

compilation of biology chapters of class 11

study of internal structure is called

anatomy

what is apical meristem

The area at the apex of a stem or root that has parenchyma cells that continually divide, producing growth in length.

during the formation of leaves and elongation of stem the cells which left behind the shoot apical meristem constitutes to form

axillary bud

what is intercalary meristem

the growth region at the base of grass leaves that causes leaves to elongate

example of intercalary meristem

grasses, regenerate parts

name the meristem that occur in nature region of roots and shoots of many plants particularly Woody axis and appear later than primary meristem

secondary or lateral meristem

example of lateral meristem

fascicular vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium, cork cambium

precursor of plastid is known as

proplastid

which simple tissues form the major component within organs

parenchyma

shape of parenchyma cells

isodiametric

the walls of parenchyma cells are made up of

cellulose

which simple tissue is formed in layers and is present in the epidermis of dicot plants

collenchyma

function of parenchyma tissue

photosynthesis, storage, secretion

is the intercellular space present in parenchyma

if it is present then it will be in very less amount

'A' found either as a homogenous layer or in patches. whom does A refers to

collenchyma

why the cells are thicken at the corners in collenchyma.

due to deposition of cellulose hemicellulose and pectin

is the intercellular space present in collenchyma

no

function of collenchyma

to support such as in young stem and petiole of leaf

'A' consist of long narrow cells with thick and lignified cell walls having a few on numerous pits.

sclerenchyma

What are fibres?

thick walled elongated and pointed cells generally occur in groups in various parts of plant.

function of sclerenchyma

provides mechanical support to organs

The 'A' are spherical oval aur cylinderical highly thickened dead cells with narrow lumen

sclereids

where is the sclereids found

fruit wall of nuts , pulp of fruits like guava and sapota ,seed coat of legumes and leaves of tea

outermost layer of primary plant body

epidermis

what does epidermal tissue system consists of

epidermal cells ,stomata and epidermal appendages

the outside of epidermis is covered with a waxy thick layer called

cuticle

structures present in epidermis of leaf

stomata

function of stomata

transpiration and gaseous exchange

Stomatal apparatus =

stomatal aperture, guard cells, subsidiary cells

what are subsidiary cells

cells present in the vicinity of guard cells which become specialised in their shape and size

shape of guard cells in grasses

dumbbell shape

name the structures which help in preventing water loss

cuticle, trichomes

unicellular elongation of the epidermal cells which absorb water and minerals from the soil

roots hairs

anatomical unit of muscle

muscle fibre

What is the glenoid cavity?

shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus, forming the shoulder joint

what is acetabulum

Articulating surface for the femur's head

phylogenetic classification system was given by

engler, Hutchinson, takhtajan

father of algology

F.E fritsch

example of anisogamous

eudorina

example of oogamous

volvox, fucus

name the algae which are rich source of iodine

fucus and laminaria

green algae have rigid cell wall made of inner layer of______________ and outer layer of______________

cellulose ,pectose

colony of volvox is is known as

coenobium

cell wall of phaeophyceae is composed of

cellulose and algin

cell wall of rhodophycea is composed of

cellulose, pectin, polysulphate esters

tallest tree species in gymnosperm

sequoia

smallest gymnosperm

zamia

dryopteris also known as

anthelmintics drug

adiantum is also known as

walking fern

example of heterosporous pteridophytes

salvinia and selaginella

pollination in pine trees is known as

sulphur shower

largest sperm in the plant world is of which plant

cycas

oldest living Fossil and is connecting link between cycads and rotifers

ginko biloba

aquatic water fern used as biofertilizer

azolla

predominant stage of life cycle of a moss is

gametophyte

name the two stages occurring in mosses

1.) protonema stage

2.) leafy stage

common examples of mosses

funaria, polytrichum and sphagnum

examples of pteridophytes

ferns, horsetails, psilotum, lycopodium, dryopteris, adiantum

common examples of gymnosperms

gingko, pinus, cedrus, cycas, sequoia

example of chlorophyceae

chlamydomonas, volvox , ulothrix, spirogyra, chara

examples of phaeophyceae

dictyota, sargassum, laminaria, ectocarpus ,fucus

examples of rhodophycea

porphyra, gracilaria, gelidium, polysiphonia

smallest angiosperm

wolfia

tallest angiosperm

Eucalyptus

what are siphonostele

Stele with pith

what is protostele

Steel without pith

plant group with the largest ovule, largest gamete and the largest tree is

gymnosperms

the book genera plantarum was written by

Bentham and hooker

in which plant the wing of seed developed from ovuliferrous scale

pinus

what are corollaoids roots

when cycas associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria, the association form is called coralloid roots

example of microphylls in pteridophytes

selaginella

example of macrophylls in pteridophytes

ferns

what is tetany

muscle spasms due to low Ca ions

what is arthritis

inflammation of the joints

what is gouts

inflammation of joint due to uric acid crystals

what is muscluar dystrophy

degeneration of skeleton muscle due to genetic disorder

name the joint between altlas and axis

pivot joint

name the joint between carpals

gliding joint

coala bones is formed by fusion of three bones

ilium, ischium and pubis

name the first vertebra which artculates with occipital condyles

altlas

number of cervical vertebrae in mammals

7

no. of true ribs present in human beings

7

no. of false ribs present in human being

3(8th ,9th, 10th)

no. of floating ribs present in human being

2(11th and 12th)

Ribcage =

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

name the flat bone on the ventral midline of thorax

sternum

axial skeleton comprises how many no. of bones

80

Axial skeleton=

skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

single u-shaped bone present at the base of skull

hyoid bones

appendicular skeleton includes

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

name the bones of hand(forelimb)

huemrus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, pahalanges

name the bones of lower limbs

femur(thighbone), tibia, fibula, patella(round bone, kneecaps), tarsals(form ankle and heel), metatarsals(form the arches), phalanges(toe bones)

structural and functional unit of muscle

sarcomere

light bands in muscles contain which type of protein

actin

dark band in muscles contain which type of protein

myosin

name the line of elastic fibre which bisects light band

Z line

name the line of elastic fibre which bisect dark band

M line

the central portion of thick filament which is not overlapped by thin filament is called

H zone

what are cartilaginous joints

bones connected by cartilage

where is ball and socket joint is located

between humerus and pectoral girdle