L12 - Forelimb joints

What is a simple joint?

articulation of two bones

What is a compound joint?

articulation of three or more bones

What cartilage is usually part of a cartilagenous joint?

hyaline or fibrocartilage

What is a synovial joint?

joint united by a joint capsule

What is a syndesmosis?

ligamentous joint united by fibrous tissue that permits only slight movement

What type of joint is a suture?

fibrous joint

What type of joint is a syndesmosis?

fibrous joint

What is a suture?

joint between bones of the skull

What type of joint is gomphosis?

fibrous joint

What is gomphosis?

specialized articulation in the teeth with the mandible and maxilla

What type of joint is synchondrosis?

cartilagenous joint

What type of joint is symphyses?

cartilagenous joint

What is synchodrosis?

joint united by hyaline cartilage

What is symphyses?

joint united by flattened disks of fibrocartilage

What is synostosis?

when the fibrous or cartilaginous tissues separating adjacent bones was replaced by bone as a result of aging or degenerative processes

What are other names for a synovial joint?

diarthrodial or true joint

What are menisci?

fibrocartilaginous disks

What joints have menisci?

stifle and temporomandibular joint

What is a another name for hinge joint?

ginglymus joint

What joint only moves in their sagittal plane?

ginglymus joint

What joint only has slight gliding movements between relatively flat apposed surfaces?

plane joint

What joint has rotary movement around one axis?

trochoid joint

What is another name for pivot joint?

trochoid joint

What is another name for ball and socket joint?

spheroid joint

What joint consists of a spheroidal head fitting in a socket allowing universal movement?

spheroid joint

What joint has convex articular condyles articulating with concave articular surface?

condylar joint

What movement does condylar joint allow?

flexion, extension, and little rotation

What joint is biaxial formed by ellipsoidal convex surface fitting into concavity of another bone?

ellipsoid joint

What movement does ellipsoid joint allow?

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and small rotation

What joint of the body is ellipsoid?

atlantooccipital joint

What joint of the body is trochoid?

atlanto-axial joint

What is synarthrosis?

fixed, tight union allowing little or no movement and having great strength

What is amphiarthrosis?

joint characterized by the presence of dense connective tissue allowing slight movement

How much weight does the forelimb carry in dogs?

60%

How much weight does the hindlimb carry in dogs?

40%

How much weight does the forelimb in horses carry?

55%

How much weight does the hindlimb in horses carry?

45%

What is a reflex angle?

angle over 180 degrees

What anatomical characteristic enables quadrupeds to balance their body appropriately?

flexor angle of corresponding joints in forelimb and hindlimb are in the opposite direction

Where is the flexor surface of the shoulder joint?

caudal

Where is the flexor surface for the elbow joint?

cranial

Where is the flexor surface for the carpal joint?

caudal

Where is the flexor surface of the hip joint?

cranial

Where is the flexor surface of the stifle?

caudal

Where is the flexor surface of the tarsus?

cranial

What joint has a reflex angle?

distal interphalangeal joint

What is active range of motion?

movement a joint can perform when the animal moves it voluntarily using their own muscles

What is passive range of motion?

movement achieved when an external force moves the joint without muscle effort from the subject

Which range of motion is greater?

passive range of motion

What bones are involved in the shoulder joint?

glenoid cavity of scapula and head of proximal humerus

What is the glenoid lip?

fibrocartilaginous rim along the edge of the articular cartilage that deepens and widens the glenoid cavity

What is another name for the glenoid lip?

labrum glenoidale

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

simple synovial ball and socket joint

What part of the humerus is palpable?

greater tubercle

What is an anatomical difference of the horse humerus?

head is larger than the glenoid cavity which can afford gliding movements and help shock absorption

What is the structure of the shoulder joint capsule?

extends from glenoid lip to neck of humerus creating synovial pouches laterally and medially

What is the bicipital bursa in the dog?

extension of shoulder joint into intertubercular groove

What is the bicipital bursa in the horse?

isolated cavity in the intertubercular groove

What shoulder ligament holds the tendon of biceps brachii in the intertubercular groove?

transverse humeral ligament/retinaculum

What ligaments are thickenings of the shoulder joint capsule that protrude internally?

lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments

What is the action of the shoulder joint?

flexion and extension

What helps with shock absorption in the shoulder joint?

gliding of the glenoid cavity and humeral head

What are the ligaments of the shoulder joint?

transverse humeral ligament, lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments

What are the active ligaments of the shoulder?

tendons of the subscapularis muscle, supraspinatus muscle, infraspinatus muscle

What is the function of the active ligaments of the shoulder?

provide stability

What assists the active ligaments of the shoulder?

teres minor and teres major

What shoulder issue is relatively uncommon?

shoulder dislocation

What is sweeney shoulder?

sequel to damage to suprascapular nerve causing atrophy of supra- and infraspinatus muscles

What bones are in the elbow joint?

articulation between the humerus, radius, ulna

What is the elbow joint?

compound synovial condylar joint and hinge joint

What is the point of the elbow?

olecranon tuberosity

What collateral ligament is weaker in the elbow joint?

medial collateral ligament

What is the function of the elbow collateral ligament?

limit joint movement to flexion and extension, prevent varus and valgus

What are the ligaments of the elbow in the dog?

annular ligament, collateral ligaments, olecranon ligament, oblique ligament

What is the function of the olecranon ligament?

prevents hyperflexion

What is the function of the annular ligament of the elbow?

wraps around ulna and radius heads and allows pronation and supination

What is the function of the oblique ligament of the elbow?

prevents hyperextension

What is the structure of the medial ligament in horses?

branches into long and short ligaments

What collateral ligament in the horse is a part of the stay apparatus?

lateral collateral ligament

What is the interosseous ligament?

ligament between the radius and ulna

What is the function of the elbow?

mainly flexion and extension

Where are elbow injections places?

cranial and caudal to the lateral collateral ligament

What animals have a great degree of freedom between radius and ulna allowing pronation and supination?

cats

What is an elbow dysplasia lesion of the ulna?

ununited anconeal process and fragmentation of the medial coronoid process

What is an elbow dysplasia lesion of the humerus?

osteochondrosis of the medial aspect of the humeral condyle

What is the carpal joint?

compound synovial and hinge joint

What carpal joint capsules communicate with each other?

middle carpal and carpometacarpal joint cavity

What carpal joint cavity is isolated?

antebrachiocarpal joint

What sides of the carpal joint is thicker?

palmar and dorsal surfaces

What ligaments are a part of the carpal joint?

collateral ligaments, intercarpal ligaments, and accessory metacarpal ligaments

What are important for stabilizing the accessory carpal bone?

two accessory metacarpal ligaments

What are the movements of the carpal joint?

flexion and extension

What is the most movable cavity in the carpus?

antebrachiocarpal joint

What is the cavity of the carpus that has very little movement?

middle carpal joint cavity

What cavity of the carpus that has no movement?

carpometacarpal cavity

What helps form the carpal canal?

flexor retinaculum and palmar carpal ligament

What surrounds the muscle tendons that pass over the carpus?

tendon sheaths

What is the most stressed joint of the equine limbs?

fetlock

What is the fetlock joint?

compount, synovial, hinge joint

What bones are a part of the fetlock joint?

third metacarpal, proximal phalanx, proximal sesamoid bones