American History Alan Brinkley Chapters 1-3

Cotton Mather

Puritan Theologian who heard, from his slave, of practice of deliberately infecting people with mild smallpox to establish resistance. Through his recommendations to friends and Bostonians during epidemic of 1720s, this method of inoculation was popularized first. By mid 18th century, it was more so, becoming common medical practice

Covenant

Structure of towns in Puritan New England, binding its residents in a religious and social commitment; included village houses and a meetinghouse arranged around a central area called a commons; outlying fields and woodlands was also divided; more people in a family received more land, but all were close to one another to foster a sense of community

George Whitefield

Open air preacher, influential in Great Awakening, later became leader of Calvinist Methodists after John Wesley. Made evangelistic tours through the colonies and drew large crowds

Great Awakening

Revival of religious fervor and belief in the colonies, started out of concern of declining piety and growing secularism in many regions in members of many faiths in the early 18th century. Purposefully made to appeal to women (majority of converts) and young sons (those who would inherit land, etc.) Emphasized the potential for everyone to break away from constraints of the past, start life anew in their relationship with God (perhaps similar to those with wish to break away from their families, etc.) John and Charles Wesley helped spread it (who founded Mass.)

Gullah

A hybrid language of English and African used to communicate between slaves so that white masters couldn't understand

Huguenots

French Calvinists; early, non-English immigrants to New England after Edict of Nantes(est. 1598) which allowed them to basically establish a state w/in Roman Catholic France, was revoked in 1685, to which they began leaving (300,000 left in following decades)

Indentured Servitude

Temporary Servanthood in New World. Work for master for 4-5 years, receive passage, food, and shelter; after term were set free. Most were voluntary; provided a means of coping w/severe labor shortage during colonial period in New World. Was an important source of population growth into 18th century, started mid 1600's. Fell out of favor as many former servants began to cause social unrest with no work, slavery became more preferable

Indigo

West Indian plant which was source of blue dye in high demand in Europe. Staple crop contributing strongly to South Car. economy as it could be grown on land unsuitable for rice cultivation. Became a popular export.

Jeremiad

Puritan sermons of despair, deploring the signs of waning piety to the church, and the lessening of its power and influence

John and Charles Wesley

Founders of Methodism, powerful evangelists from England, were influential in Great Awakening of believers in the Colonies

John Peter Zenger

New York publisher trialed for criticizing the government, defended and changed policy for freedom of press, change in legal philosophy that was subtle at the time, but influential in the long run.

Jonathan Edwards

Deeply orthodox Puritan but original theologian, attacked doctrines of easy salvation, preached Puritan ideals of absolute sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation ONLY by God's grace. Vividly described hell, was very influential in the Great Awakening

Middle Passage

"The journey to America"; describes the passage of slaves back and forth from African colonies and slaveholders to the North American colonies, being cramped in tiny spaces on ships, with varying conditions. Some were more spacious, some were packed so tight that they could hardly breathe, some were victims of sexual abuse. Those who died on the way were thrown overboard, those who survived had the difficulty of living in a new home subjected to a master.

Primogeniture

The passing of all inherited property to the firstborn son. Did not take root in New England as it did in England. Instead, a father divided his land among all his sons equally, as an inheritance. Young women were more mobile than their brothers, as they did not inherit land and weren't tied down in that way

Saugus Ironworks

Ironworks established in _______, Massachusetts; 'first' effort to establish a significant metals industry in the colonies. Was a financial failure; began operating 1646, ceased operations in 1668

Scots-Irish

Scottish Presbyterians who had settled in northern Ireland (in province of Ulster) in early 17th cent. Had some economic, polit., cult. setbacks in years of early 18th cent., Parliament preventing trade with them, Eng. gov. prohibiting Presbyterian worship, after 1710 long term leases expired and rents soared, causing many to leave for Americas where they took land with little regard to who owned it.

Slave Codes

In early 18th cent., colonial assemblies began to pass these, limiting rights of blacks in law and ensuring almost absolute authority to white masters. One factor determined subjectivity to these; skin color.

Stono Rebellion

Important, first during colonial period, rebellion of slaves against harsh masters in South Car. in 1739; about 100 Africans rose up up, seized weapons, killed several whites, and attempted escaping south to Florida. Whites quickly captured and killed the participants, but it was an important event in the conceptualization of equality and people's power

Triangular Trade

Elaborate commercial system in which Colonies sold to West Indies (rum, agricultural products, meat, fish) and bought sugar, molasses, and slaves from Caribbean markets in return. Linked NA colonies in intricate network of commerce with England, continental Europe, and west coast of Africa

The Enlightenment

A product of scientific and philosophical discovery in 17th cent. Europe. Human reasoning was embraced, seen as a method of innovation, Morality was introduced, God was not always needed to turn to with a moral compass. Almost in competition to the Great Awakening. Helped undermine traditional authority, like the Great Awakening. Emphasis on education, politics to further society, promote greatness. Many argued it supported, not undermined, Christianity's teachings

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan, moved to Boston from England with Husband 1634. Argued Massachusetts clergy members had no right to be spiritual leaders. Challenged role of females in society at the time, as well as religious views and social order in Mass. Banished, moved to RI then New Netherland, died 1643.

Antinomianism

From Greek; "Hostile to the Law", AH's teaching that clergy had no right to religious authority.

Bacon's Rebellion

Part of history known for realization of struggle to define boundary between Indian and white lands. Revealed potential of instability in the Colony's large population of free, landless men.

*saw the royal governor of Virginia forced to resign.

Dominion of New England

Created by James II combined Mass. govt w/rest of govt's of rest of New England Colonies, NY and NJ as well.

George and Cecilius Calvert

1st lord Baltimore, founder of Maryland Colony for retreat for English Catholics and for Real Estate ; 2nd lord Baltimore, received charter on fathers death including parts of Pennsyl., Delawa., Virginia, Maryland, but were to hold as "absolute lords and proprietaries"

Glorious Revolution

Bloodless coup in which James II fled to France and William (of Orange) and Mary (James' daughter) assumed control of England

*saw an English king, James II, flee to the European continent.

Headright (System)

50 acre grants of land which new settlers acquired in different ways (each settler received 50 acres, each person already established received 100 acres) in order to incentivize settlement of the colonies in the Chesapeake, and for tobacco growth

Jacob Leisler

German Immigrant to NY, merchant. Resented exclusion of ruling class. Captured NY w/militia, captured fort, drove Cpt Francis Nicholson out, proclaimed himself new head of GVT in NY.

James Oglethorpe

General, member of parliament, military hero. Part of founding of Georgia, expeditions of it. Wanted it to be a place for people to rest.

John Smith

Famous world-traveler, had travel narratives, led Jamestown and survived it. Became council president in 1608, whereby he imposed order on the community. Organized Indian raids to keep Jamestown alive.

John Winthrop

Affluent, educated, elected governor of Massachusetts Bay Company, organized migration of Puritans to New England

King Philip's War

Beginning 1675, Wampanoags organized w/guns terrorized string of Mass. towns, destroyed 20, caused death of 1000; weakened society and econ. of Mass. Mohawks and English fought back eventually

Massachusetts Bay Company

Organized as a trading company by Puritan merchants seeking opportunities in North Amer. Est 1630

Mayflower Compact

Document 41 male pass. signed, establishing a civil government and proclaimed allegiance to the King.

Metacomet

"King Philip" ; Chieftain of Wampanoag's

Middle Ground

Area in borderlands in which white settlers existed and Indians as well, with complex trade relationships between the groups.

Navigation Acts

Adopted to regulate colonial commerce more strictly than were previously. 1660 : closed colonies to all trade besides that of English church, trade item restrictions. 1663: All goods must pass through England if going through Europe. 1673 : provided for enforcement of Navigation acts

**encouraged the colonists to create an important shipbuilding industry of their own.

Pequot War

Friction over land caused conflict between English settlers in Connecticut valley and Pequot Indians. Many Indians died, stories and drawings depicted fierceness of the English.

Plymouth Plantation

Plantation founded by Separatists from hamlet of Scrooby, in interest of free worship. Eventually settled in just North of Cape Cod.

Powhatan

Indians whose chief was captured by Sir Thomas Dale, Pocahontas was his daughter

Quakers

"The Society of Friends", orig. mid-17th cent. preached to by George Fox and Margaret Fell. "Tremble before the Lord". Unlike Puritanism; Rejected predestination and orig. sin. All who cult. divinity could attain salvation. Granted women position in church almost equal to men

Quitrent

Founder of Rhode Island. Engaging, controversial minister lived in Salem, Mass. Separatist, argued Mass. church should abandon allegiance to church of England. Called for complete cleavage of Church from State - to protect church from Secular world. Early advocate of religious freedom, for members of different religions to live together in one place

Sir William Berkeley

Appointed Governor of Virginia by King Charles I. Sent explorers across Blue Ridge Mountains to open up Western Interior of Virginia. Organized force that quelled 1644 Indian uprising. Prohibited settling of whites to West of line negotiated w/tribes

Theocracy

"God-government"; Government based on a religious belief, can involve taxation to fund the church, legal enforcement to participate in religious services.

Virginia House of Burgesses

Meeting-place of first elected legislative meeting in what was to be the US. Is today the oldest legislative body in the US

William Bradford

Governor of Plymouth Plantation for many terms. Persuaded Council for New Eng. to allow them legal permission to live there. Ended Standish's communal labor plan, distributed land to settlers there. Coined 'light on a hill'

William Penn

Became Quaker Evangelist, visited European continent w/George Fox, brought Old world seeking new world travelers, ended up establishing Pennsylvania for the profit of his family and as a "holy experiment". Agreed to Charter of Liberties for the Colonies that established representative assembly, permitted lower counties to establish their own assembly, which became Delaware.

Ireland

First overseas colony of Britain. It's capture was an early model/practice for how Great Britain carried out conquering of the New World

Which of the following was not a crop that europeans first encountered in the new world

sugar

what explains the brutality the conquistadores treated native people

the conquistadors thought the natives were savages and less than human, also the conquistadores were accustomed to waging war in a ruthless maner

openly challenged the authority of the roman catholic church

martin luther

before europeans arrived, the batives of the new world had very few animals that were

domesticated

which of the following diseases did europeans introduce to the bew world when they arrived in the 1500s

smallpox, chicken pox, measles, influenza

according to richard hakluyt, which of the following were important benefits of new world colonies

they reduced poverty, unemployment, and overcrowding,... They created new markets for english goods... They fostered economic independence for england

between 1500 and 1800, about __ of the people who arrived in the new world were african.

one-half

Before the european migration to the new world, west africans sold large numbers of slaves to all of the following areas except

the indian subcontinent

what best describes the puritans and their beliefs

they called for sweeping reforms of the church of england

earlier scholarship suggested that all early inhabitants of the americas came from

asia

sir walter raleigh established ___ in honor of the english queen

virginia

what describes widely held theories about the dissapearance of roanoak settelers

the settlers left their settment and eventually blended with indian society... the settlers were slaughtered by indians in retaliation for earlier brutalities

people of mixed race, particularly of european and native american descent, are known as

mestizos

what best describes sixteenth and seventeenth century mercantilism

Its principles guided the economic policies of virtually all european nation-states

french theologian john ___ taught that god chose aome people to be saved and condemed others to damnation

calvin

what four locations were part of the spanish empire at its heights

coastal areas of south america, mexico, various carribean islands, the southern united states

european colonial power and where it established a colony in the early seventeenth century

spain-florida

france-quebec

holland-newyork

england-newfoundland

what crops did the europeans encounter in the new world

squash

maize

potatoes

what describes why the english felt freer to establish colonies in the new world during the late sixteenth century

england sucessfully challenged spanish sea power

in addition to killing millions of native people with diseases, europeans also killed millions through

a deliberate policy of subjugation and extermination

scholars once believed that all early migrants to the americas came via an ancient land bridge across the

bering straight