________: one member derives a benefit while the other is not benefited or harmed.
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Ectoparasites
________: parasites that live on the external surface of a host.
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Defensive mutualism
________: animal defends a plant or herbivore.
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Grass pink orchid
________ produces no nectar, but it mimics the nectar- producing rose pogonia and is therefore still visited by bees.
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Food chains
________ link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores.
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Conjugation
________: unites results of oxidation with another molecule to create inactive and readily excreted product.
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Trophic structure
________: the feeding relationships between organisms in a community.
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Plants
________ cheat seed- dispersal agent out of meal with barbs or hooks on seeds.
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Phoresy
________: one organism uses another for transportation.
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Cryptic coloration
________, or camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot.
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Endoparasites
________: parasites that live within the body of their host.
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Predation
________ (+-/interaction): interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey.
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Mutualisms
________ are beneficial- but optimal needs of each party can be different.
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Interspecific interactions
________: relationships between species in a community.
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Sugar maples
________ have a major impact on shading and soil nutrient availability in eastern North America 🡪affects the distribution of other plant species.
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Parasitism
________ (+-/interaction): one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process (does not usually kill it outright)
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Animals
________ also have morphological and physiological defense adaptations.
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Relative abundance
________: the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community.
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Secondary metabolites
________: not part of primary.
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Resource partitioning
________: differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community.
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similar species
Ecologically ________ can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches.
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Donor
________- controlled system: prey supply is determined by factors other than predation, such as food supply.
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Flower inhabiting mites
________ use hummingbird nostrils.
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Facultative mutualism
________: the species cant live apart.
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Facilitation
________ (+ /+ or 0 /+): an interaction where one species can have positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact.
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Herbivores
________ can overcome plant defenses.
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Keystone species
________: exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches.
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Inhibition
________: species replacement is prevented by previous colonists.
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Tolerance
________: species replacement is unaffected by previous colonists.
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Fungus
________ produces gongylidia as ant food.
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Dispersive mutualism
________: one species receives food in exchange for helping the flower spread their pollen.
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Generalist herbivores
________: can feed on many plant species.
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Specialist herbivores
________: restricted to one or two host plants.
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Species diversity
________: the variety of organisms that make up the community.
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Obligatory mutualism
________: neither species can live alone.
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Oxidation
________: catalysis of secondary metabolite to corresponding alcohol by mixed- function oxidases (MFOs)
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Displays of intimidation
________: deceive predator about ease of eating prey.
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Importance of predation
________ depends on whether its a donor- controlled system or a predator- controlled system.
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Ants
________ chew up leaves to feed to fungus they care for.
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Trophic mutualism
________: both species utilize a common resource.
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Dominant species
________ are most competitive in exploiting resources vs they are most successful at avoiding predators.
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Behavioral defenses
________ include hiding, fleeing, forming herds or schools, self- defense, and alarm calls.
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Invasive species
________, typically introduced to a new environment by humans, often lack predators or disease.
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Ecological niche
________: the total of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources.
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Interspecific interactions
________ can affect the survival and reproduction of each species,
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Herbivory
________ can be lethal to small species.
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Facilitation
________: species replacement is assisted by previous colonists.
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Mutualism
________: close associations between species in which both species benefit.
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Community
an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction
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Ecological niche
the total of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources
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Resource partitioning
differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community
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Fundamental niche
the niche potentially occupied by that species
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Realized niche
the niche actually occupied by that species
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Interspecific interactions
relationships between species in a community
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Intraspecific competition
competition between individuals of the same species
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Interspecific competition
competition between individuals of different species
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Exploitation competition
organisms compete indirectly through the consumption of a limited resource
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Interference competition
individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidation
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ex
Bombardier beetle ejects hot spray
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Displays of intimidation
deceive predator about ease of eating prey
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ex
Porcupine fish inflates itself
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Donor-controlled system
prey supply is determined by factors other than predation, such as food supply
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Predator-controlled system
action of predator feeding reduces supply of prey
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Generalist herbivores
can feed on many plant species
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Specialist herbivores
restricted to one or two host plants
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Secondary metabolites
not part of primary
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Oxidation
catalysis of secondary metabolite to corresponding alcohol by mixed-function oxidases (MFOs)
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Conjugation
unites results of oxidation with another molecule to create inactive and readily excreted product
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Endoparasites
parasites that live within the body of their host
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Ectoparasites
parasites that live on the external surface of a host
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Mutualism
close associations between species in which both species benefit
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Trophic mutualism
both species utilize a common resource
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Example
Leaf-cutting ants and fungus
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Defensive mutualism
animal defends a plant or herbivore
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ex
Ants protect aphid, aphid secretes honeydew
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Facultative mutualism
the species cant live apart
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ex
Ants nesting in acacia trees defend the tree and trim away competing plants
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Obligatory mutualism
neither species can live alone
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Dispersive mutualism
one species receives food in exchange for helping the flower spread their pollen
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Mutualisms are beneficial
but optimal needs of each party can be different
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Commensalism
one member derives a benefit while the other is not benefited or harmed
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ex
Epiphytes growing in trees do not harm the trees
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ex
Cattle egrets benefit from cattle stirring up insects
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Phoresy
one organism uses another for transportation
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Facilitation (+/+ or 0/+)
an interaction where one species can have positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact
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Facilitation
species replacement is assisted by previous colonists
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Inhibition
species replacement is prevented by previous colonists
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Tolerance
species replacement is unaffected by previous colonists
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Species diversity
the variety of organisms that make up the community
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It has two components
species richness and relative abundance
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Species richness
the total number of different species in the community
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Relative abundance
the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community
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Trophic structure
the feeding relationships between organisms in a community
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Dominant species
the species that are most abundant or have the highest biomass
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Keystone species
exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches
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Ecological succession
the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance
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Primary succession
when succession begins; occurs where no soil exists
Studied by 2 people
Note 
Flashcard (99)