Studied by 2 peopleCommensalism
________: one member derives a benefit while the other is not benefited or harmed.
Ectoparasites
________: parasites that live on the external surface of a host.
Defensive mutualism
________: animal defends a plant or herbivore.
Grass pink orchid
________ produces no nectar, but it mimics the nectar- producing rose pogonia and is therefore still visited by bees.
Food chains
________ link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores.
Conjugation
________: unites results of oxidation with another molecule to create inactive and readily excreted product.
Trophic structure
________: the feeding relationships between organisms in a community.
Plants
________ cheat seed- dispersal agent out of meal with barbs or hooks on seeds.
Phoresy
________: one organism uses another for transportation.
Cryptic coloration
________, or camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot.
Endoparasites
________: parasites that live within the body of their host.
Predation
________ (+-/interaction): interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey.
Mutualisms
________ are beneficial- but optimal needs of each party can be different.
Interspecific interactions
________: relationships between species in a community.
Sugar maples
________ have a major impact on shading and soil nutrient availability in eastern North America 🡪affects the distribution of other plant species.
Parasitism
________ (+-/interaction): one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process (does not usually kill it outright)
Animals
________ also have morphological and physiological defense adaptations.
Relative abundance
________: the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community.
Secondary metabolites
________: not part of primary.
Resource partitioning
________: differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community.
similar species
Ecologically ________ can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches.
Donor
________- controlled system: prey supply is determined by factors other than predation, such as food supply.
Flower inhabiting mites
________ use hummingbird nostrils.
Facultative mutualism
________: the species cant live apart.
Facilitation
________ (+ /+ or 0 /+): an interaction where one species can have positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact.
Herbivores
________ can overcome plant defenses.
Keystone species
________: exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches.
Inhibition
________: species replacement is prevented by previous colonists.
Tolerance
________: species replacement is unaffected by previous colonists.
Fungus
________ produces gongylidia as ant food.
Dispersive mutualism
________: one species receives food in exchange for helping the flower spread their pollen.
Generalist herbivores
________: can feed on many plant species.
Specialist herbivores
________: restricted to one or two host plants.
Species diversity
________: the variety of organisms that make up the community.
Obligatory mutualism
________: neither species can live alone.
Oxidation
________: catalysis of secondary metabolite to corresponding alcohol by mixed- function oxidases (MFOs)
Displays of intimidation
________: deceive predator about ease of eating prey.
Importance of predation
________ depends on whether its a donor- controlled system or a predator- controlled system.
Ants
________ chew up leaves to feed to fungus they care for.
Trophic mutualism
________: both species utilize a common resource.
Dominant species
________ are most competitive in exploiting resources vs they are most successful at avoiding predators.
Behavioral defenses
________ include hiding, fleeing, forming herds or schools, self- defense, and alarm calls.
Invasive species
________, typically introduced to a new environment by humans, often lack predators or disease.
Ecological niche
________: the total of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources.
Interspecific interactions
________ can affect the survival and reproduction of each species,
Herbivory
________ can be lethal to small species.
Facilitation
________: species replacement is assisted by previous colonists.
Mutualism
________: close associations between species in which both species benefit.
Community
an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction
Ecological niche
the total of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources
Resource partitioning
differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community
Fundamental niche
the niche potentially occupied by that species
Realized niche
the niche actually occupied by that species
Interspecific interactions
relationships between species in a community
Intraspecific competition
competition between individuals of the same species
Interspecific competition
competition between individuals of different species
Exploitation competition
organisms compete indirectly through the consumption of a limited resource
Interference competition
individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidation
ex
Bombardier beetle ejects hot spray
Displays of intimidation
deceive predator about ease of eating prey
ex
Porcupine fish inflates itself
Donor-controlled system
prey supply is determined by factors other than predation, such as food supply
Predator-controlled system
action of predator feeding reduces supply of prey
Generalist herbivores
can feed on many plant species
Specialist herbivores
restricted to one or two host plants
Secondary metabolites
not part of primary
Oxidation
catalysis of secondary metabolite to corresponding alcohol by mixed-function oxidases (MFOs)
Conjugation
unites results of oxidation with another molecule to create inactive and readily excreted product
Endoparasites
parasites that live within the body of their host
Ectoparasites
parasites that live on the external surface of a host
Mutualism
close associations between species in which both species benefit
Trophic mutualism
both species utilize a common resource
Example
Leaf-cutting ants and fungus
Defensive mutualism
animal defends a plant or herbivore
ex
Ants protect aphid, aphid secretes honeydew
Facultative mutualism
the species cant live apart
ex
Ants nesting in acacia trees defend the tree and trim away competing plants
Obligatory mutualism
neither species can live alone
Dispersive mutualism
one species receives food in exchange for helping the flower spread their pollen
Mutualisms are beneficial
but optimal needs of each party can be different
Commensalism
one member derives a benefit while the other is not benefited or harmed
ex
Epiphytes growing in trees do not harm the trees
ex
Cattle egrets benefit from cattle stirring up insects
Phoresy
one organism uses another for transportation
Facilitation (+/+ or 0/+)
an interaction where one species can have positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact
Facilitation
species replacement is assisted by previous colonists
Inhibition
species replacement is prevented by previous colonists
Tolerance
species replacement is unaffected by previous colonists
Species diversity
the variety of organisms that make up the community
It has two components
species richness and relative abundance
Species richness
the total number of different species in the community
Relative abundance
the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community
Trophic structure
the feeding relationships between organisms in a community
Dominant species
the species that are most abundant or have the highest biomass
Keystone species
exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches
Ecological succession
the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance
Primary succession
when succession begins; occurs where no soil exists
Secondary succession
begins in an area where soil remains
Note 
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