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Cartography
The Science or practice of drawing maps
What does the “Cartography” Acronym stand for? (Hint: There are only 5 parts to it)
C: Compromise
Art: an artistic expression of spatial info
O: Opportunity to communicate specific info
Graph: Communicating in a graphical way
Y: Why is this map being made?
What was the oldest map drawn on?
A mammoth tusk
Who first discovered that the earth was round?
The greeks in 350 BC
Who first calculated the earth’s circumference?
Eratosthenes in 250 BC used shadow length differences at the same time in two cities to determine the earth’s circumference.
Who created the first “realistic” maps?
Claudius Ptolemy
Father of Geography
Explained Lat. and Long.
Developed projections
For Most of history realistic maps were the norm, true or false?
False
In ancient maps, what locations were often the focal point?
Mecca or Jerusalem
What are Portolan Charts?
Maritime maps developed for accurate sailing in the end of the middle ages
incorporated compass bearings
used a line network with ports labeled
What was waldseemuller’s map?
The first map to label america
Who was Ferdinand Magellan?
the first person to circumnavigate the world
What is a meridian?
A great circle which stretches from the north to the south Pole, creating longitudinal lines. They are all the same length
What is the Mercator projection?
the most common projection used today, drawn using rhumb lines or loxodromes
What are Rhumb lines or Loxodromes?
Lines which cross all meridians at the same angle on a map projection, a loxodromatic route appears straight on a map but is not the fastest route between two points
What is a great circle or Orthodromic route?
The shortest route between two points on a globe, which if drawn circumcentrally, splits the globe into two equal halves. Examples of great circles include the equator and meridians.
Before 1747 California was mistakenly depicted and referred to as…?
an island
What is GIS?
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computerized system designed for the storage, retrieval and analysis of geographically referenced data which are used to create maps.
What is a feature class?
a file with data about related geographic features
What is a map layer?
the actual presentation of a feature class on a map
What are some examples of Physical Map features?
Roads, rivers, lakes, parks, etc.
What are some examples of Political Map features?
States, provinces, municipalities, neighborhoods
What are some examples of Statistical features?
Census tracts (Or other choropleth map features)
What are some examples of administrative features?
schools, businesses, clinics, bus stops, etc.
What is vector data?
Discrete data composed of XY coordinates which is used to represent points, lines, or areas
What is raster data?
Continuous data which divides the world into square cells which contain an attribute value
What is the geodatabase?
a “container” used to hold a collection of GIS datasets
What does a qualitative map focus on?
Showing information about feature classes using symbols or colors (absence or presence of an object usually)
What does a quantitative map focus on?
Demonstrating numbers/stats (gradient usually)
What is a topographic map?
A map that shows natural and man-made features such as elevation, bodies of water, and roads
What is a navigational map?
A map used for navigation, called charts if nautical
What is the difference between a map and a chart?
Maps are of land bodies, charts are nautical
What is a cadastral map?
A map that shows legal boundaries of property and land ownership
What is a thematic map?
A map that Investigates a central subject (theme) in spatial context with other layers
What is a choropleth map?
a thematic map that is used to represent statistical data using the color mapping symbology technique
What is a numeric scale?
Process of placing data into groups (classes or bins) defined by break points
How many break points is it good for a numeric scale to have?
3-9 with 5-7 being the sweet spot
What are the six data classification methods?
Equal Interval
Quantile
Natural Breaks (Jenks)
Geometric
Standard Deviation
Manual
What is equal interval data classification, and what is it good for?
A method that Divides the range of attributes into equal sizes sub-ranges;
Good for presenting data to a non-technical audience
What is the quantile data classification method, and what is it good for?
A method in which Each class contains an equal number of features;
Good for evenly distributed data
What is the natural breaks data classification method, and what is it good for?
Data classification method in which Classes are based on natural groupings inherent in data, maximizes differences between classes;
Good for data that is not evenly distributed
What is the geographic data classification method and what is it good for?
A method which Creates class breaks based on intervals that have a geometric series thus Each class will have roughly the same number of values;
Good for continuous data that is not evenly distributed
What is the standard deviation data classification method?
A method which Highlights how much a feature’s attribute value varies from the mean
What is the manual data classification method and what is it good for?
Manual data classification can be decided using the histogram and is useful for a variety of fine tuning purposes
What is a histogram, where can you find it?
Provide information about the distribution of data Help to choose which data classification method is best;
Found by clicking symbology, choosing a type of symbology, and then clicking the histogram tab
What are some basic principles for map design?
minimize ink
Add contrast and value
focus on important (figure) features and lessen focus on (ground) features
Fonts and Halos are important
Use simple solid shapes and exaggerate point sizes
What are some basic color related principles for map design?
hue is basic color
Value is lightness or darkness
Saturation is the brilliance of a color
Use muted colors
What are the three types of map scales?
verbal
Graphic
Fractional
What is a small scale map?
A map with a larger ratio, ie. 1:100000000
What is a large scale map?
A map with a small scale ratio, eg. 1: 100
What is a map projection?
A Way to represent the curved surface of the earth on the flat surface of a map
What is a conical projection, what is it good for, what are its flaws?
Well suited for long east-west regions
Distortion constant along common parallels
Distance toward the poles has the most distortion
What is a cylindrical projection, what is it good for, what are its flaws?
Inflates the poles
North is always up
What is a planar (azimuthal) projection, what is it good for, what are its flaws?
Central projection point that intercepts the globe at varying angles
Most common for polar regions
Best suited for circular regions
What is a conformal projection?
a projection in which shapes stay the same; Parallels and meridians at right angles, Angles and shapes of small objects preserved
What is an Equal-area (Equivalent) projection?
a projection where areas stay the same; •Meridians and parallels are normally not at right angles, Often distorts distances and shapes
What is an equidistant projection?
a projection in which distances are correct; Preserves great circle distances, A distance can be held true from one (or a select few) point to all other points
What is an Azimuthal (true direction) projection?
a projection in which directions are accurate
Preserves global directions
Produces a circular map
Centered on one point
Often used for navigation
What are standard parallels?
lines at which there is no distortion
What is a compromise map projection?
A compromise map projection is a type of map projection that attempts to balance the distortions of size, shape, distance, and direction on a map. It aims to find a middle ground between preserving accurate representation of landmasses and minimizing distortions.
in map projections, _____ and ____ are mutually exclusive– preserving one will always distort the other.
Shape and area
What is a Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)?
a method of georeferencing (coordinates) which defines where the data is located on the earth’s surface
What is a Projected Coordinate system (PCS)?
A GCS and Map projection combined that tells the data how to draw on a flat surface, like on a paper map or a computer screen
What are cartesian coordinates?
X, Y coordinates
What are lines of latitude also called?
Parallels
What are lines of longitude also called?
meridians
On what levels can you look for Geographic data?
Local, state, national, international
What are some good places to find national geographic data?
The CDC website or the Bureau of Labor Stats website
What is remote sensing?
Process of deriving information by means of systems that are not in direct contact with the objects/phenomenon of interest
What is image processing?
Manipulating raw data produced by remote sensing systems
What is a polar orbit satellite?
A satellite that travels north to south in low orbit
what is a Sunsynchronous Orbit (SSO)?
a type of Polar Orbit which stays in sync with the sun, at the same ”fixed” position relative to the sun and covers the same place at the same time each day
What is a geostationary orbit (GSO)?
An orbit which Follows the equator at the same rate as Earth thus staying in a fixed place over time; useful for tellecommunication
What is landsat?
Longest running enterprise for satellite imagery of Earth
What is the current version of landsat?
Landsat 9?
What does landsat use to collect its data?
11 different color wavelength bands show different landsat data
What are some satellite brands other than landsat?
Maxar, quickbird, and sentinel
What are some ecological uses of landsat imagery?
deforestation mapping
ag. water use monitoring
flood mitigation mapping
What is a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)?
an index which quantifies vegetation by measuring the difference between near infrared (which vegetation strongly reflects) and red light (which vegetation absorbs)
What range is an NDVI conducted on?
-1 to +1
What is the equation for an NDVI?
NDVI = (NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red)
In which NIR is Near infared
What data do you need to complete an NDVI?
Landsat Bands 4 and 5
If an NDVI is negative it is likely depicting what?
a body of water
If an NDVI is positive it is likely depicting what?
dense vegetation
How do you get data for an NDVI into GIS?
Select an area of interest and Download bands 4 and 5 from USGS GloVis
Filter for image quality (low cloud coverage)
add the bands to your map!
How do you create a composite raster image for an NDVI in GIS?
Use the Composite Bands tool (Geoprocessing Tool)
Go to the Appearance tab- edit band combinations for Landsat Imagery (default is aerial imagery)
Change Stretch Type
Go to Analysis tab→ Raster functions→ NDVI
What is RADAR?
Radio Detection and Ranging
A Remote sensing method that relies on radio waves and can ”see through” vegetation to Produce clear images of land regardless of time of day
What is LIDAR?
Light Detection and Ranging
Form of remote sensing that uses laser beams to measure distance to Earth’s surface