Psych Chapter 5

Consciousness

a persons subject awareness, such as thoughts and perceptions, experiences of the world and self awareness.

Circadian Rhythms

Biological rhythms that happen periodically through 24 hours, like an alarm.

Entrainment

synchronization between biological rhythms and external cues.

Light Entrainment

Endogenous Rhythms

Free running biological rhythms generated from our body that are independent of zeitgebers.

Why we sleep

To restore and repair hypothesis, and to preserve and protect energy

Beta waves vs alpha waves

beta = awake, alpha = awake and calm or in a drowsy state

Stages of sleeping

Stage 1 breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure decreases

Stage 2 You become less responsive to external stimuli

Stage 3-4 Brain activity slows and it makes it difficult to wake

REM sleep

Sleep stages characterised by quickening of brain waves, body movement, and rapid eye movement (REM)

(REM facilitates learning)

Slow wave sleep

important to learn autobiographical memories

Sleep Deprivation

Attention, learning, emotions deficits and you tend to dose off. usually occurs after bad sleep for 2-3 days

Sleep Displacement

When someone is prevented from sleeping at the normal time. Examples being jet lag and daylight savings time.

Sleep Hygiene

doing activities to help you sleep better and more readily

Freud on dreaming

published interpretation of dreams where he argues unconscious expressions of wish fufillment

Manifest Content

images and storylines we dream about

Latent content

actual symbolic meaning of dreaming built on suppressed sexual urges

Activation synthesis hypothesis (modern theory of dreaming)

dreams come from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages arising from the brainstem

Problem solving theory (modern theory of dreaming)

thoughts and concerns that you think about through the day, and while sleeping.

Onset Insomnia

difficulty falling asleep

maintenance insomnia

difficulty returning to sleep

Terminal Insomnia

Waking up too early

Primary insomnia

caused due to worrying or other internal sources

Secondary Insomnia

result of other disorders

Nightmares

disturbing dreams that occur during rem sleep

night terrors

intense bouts of panic and arousal that wake an individual occurring in NREM sleep

Restless legs syndrom

constant leg discomfort and wanting to constantly move them

REM behaviour disorder

acting out dreams due to failure of inhabiting motor signals

Somnambulism

(sleepwalking) disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

Sleep apnea

temporarily not being able to breathe when sleeping

narcolepsy

extreme daytime sleeping especially sleep attacks

Hypnosis

procedure of inducting a heightened state of suggestibility

Dissociation theory

the belief that hypnosis is when your attention is divided, like dazing off when driving and being on "autopilot"

social cognitive theory

beliefs and expectations contribute to suggestibility

mind wandering

unintentional redirection of attention from current task to an unrelated train of thought

default mode network

pattern of brain activity that self reflects, and keeps autobiographical memories

Brain Death

condition when brain stem no longer functions

coma

complete loss of consciousness

Persistent vegetative state (PVS)

a state if minimal to no consciousness

minimally conscious state

ability to show some behaviours suggesting consciousness

Locked in syndrome

patient is awake and aware but can't move and appears unconscious

Short term drug effects

affects neurotransmitters activity through agonistic and antagonistic effects
affects the nucleus accumbens with rewarding behaviors

Long term drug effects

Tolerance is affected because you will need more drugs to get high.
Physical depending on it
Psychologically dependant

Stimulant drugs

Increase energy, dopamine, serotonin. example cocaine
High risk of dependance

Hallucinogens (drugs)

increases serotonin and blocks glutamate receptors
Low risk of dependance
Example being LSD, Ketamine, DMT

Opiates (drugs)

intense euphoria and pain relief
stimulates endorphin receptors
Very high risk of dependance
examples are heroin morphine, fentanyl, opium

Naloxone

treats overdose by serving as pain relief and blocking sites where opiates are supposed to be

Sedatives

increases GABA activity which leads to relaxation and sleep..
High risk of dependants
examples are xanax and valium

Alcohol

increases GABA activity then stimulates endorphin and dopamine receptors.

Alcohol myopia

narrow focus on a persons current desires while ignoring everything else

marijuana

Relaxing, distorts sensory experiences, paranoia
Stimulates hunger and reduces pain