Osmosis Cell Function and Growth

The microscopic appearance of _____ necrosis is of inflammatory cells with neutrophils

liquefactive

Hypoxemia can cause hypoxia because the decreases (alveolar/arterial) ______ partial pressure of oxygen decreases the hemoglobin saturation percentage

arterial

Inflammation occurs after ______ due to the release of intracellular content after cell membrane damage

necrosis

infections, toxins, trauma, inflammation, infarction, and cancer are causes for damage leading to _______

necrosis

The A-a gradient is normal in these two causes of hypoxemia:

high altitude and hypoventilation

The pattern of necrosis associated with tuberculosis ______

caseous

The pattern of necrosis associated with ischemia of limbs and digit is _________ necrosis

gangrenous

The microscopic appearance of ________ necrosis is preserved cell outlines without nuclei

coagulative

Proteases with cysteine at the active site called _______ are a family of proteases active in apoptosis

caspases

_______, such as vitamins A, C, and E, donate electrons to free radicals to protect cells

Antioxidants

Carbon monoxide poisoning causes ______ by occupying hemoglobin sites that are normally bound by oxygen

hypoxemia

Except for in the brain, the pattern of necrosis associated with ischemia and hypoxia is _______

coagulative

The gross appearance of _______ necrosis is black skin and decay

gangrenous

Unprogrammed cell death is referred to as ______

necrosis

The pattern of necrosis associated with infection and with ischemia in the brain is ______

liquefactive

Oxygen that accepts two electrons becomes ______

hydrogen peroxide

________ is an enzyme that can change oxygen-based free radicals into hydrogen peroxide as its final product

Superoxide dismutase

The gross appearance of ________ necrosis is of firm tissue with architecture maintained.

coagulative

The microscopic appearance of _______ necrosis is adipocytes without nuclei and deposits of calcium

fat

Treatment of ischemia is based on _______ before cells in the ischemic area dies

reperfusion

Ischemia means _______

reduction of blood flow to target tissue

_______ is a molecule that can be split into oxygen and water by the enzyme catalase

hydrogen peroxide

The regulated transfer of ______ takes place in the electron transport chain in cellular respiration

free radicals

Free radicals can damage lipid membranes through _______

lipid peroxidation

Killer lymphocytes can induce apoptosis by producing _____ ligand to bind to the death receptor protein on the surface of the target cell

Fas

The microscopic appearance of _______ necrosis is a eosinophilic center surrounded by lymphocytes and macrophages

caseous

Programmed cell death is referred to as _______

apoptosis

Ionizing radiation removes an electron from water and generates a ______

hydroxyl radical

The gross appearance of fat necrosis is _______ deposits

whitish

The family of proteins that help regulate the activation of procaspases in apoptosis and maintains mitochondrial impermeability is ______

Bcl-2

Oxygen that accepts three electrons becomes the _________

hydroxyl radical

_______ is when secondary arteries grow in size to bring more blood to areas with low blood flow

collateralization

_______ is defined as a decrease in arterial partial pressure of oxygen

hypoxemia

_________ is when tissue does not receive enough oxygen

hypoxia

High altitude is a cause of hypoxemia because the ______ pressure is decreased, which decreases the partial pressure of oxygen of inspired and alveolar air

barometric

High-risk area that are susceptible to ischemia are called the ischemic _______

penumbra

________ is a molecule that can donate an electron to free radicals without becoming a radical

Glutathione

The A-a gradient is increased in these three causes of hypoxemia:

diffusion defect, V/Q defect, and right-to-left shunt

The pattern of necrosis associated with inflammation in tissues with many adipocytes such as pancreas and breast is _______

fat

Oxygen that accepts one electron becomes ______

superoxide

Shunted blood dilutes normally oxygenated blood, causing the partial pressure of oxygen of blood leaving the lungs to be (higher/lower) ______ than normal, and caused hypoxemia

lower

The gross appearance of ______ necrosis is soft, white, and cheesy looking

caseous

The process of ______ involves changing the cell surface so that a dying cell is quickly phagocytosed

apoptosis

Diffusion defects, such as fibrosis or pulmonary edema, cause hypoxemia by decreasing the _______ available for diffusion, or increasing the membrane’s thickness

surface area

The apoptosis promoters Bax and Bak stimulate the release of ______ from mitochondria

cytochrome c

The microscopic appearance of _______ is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

caseous

Budd-chiari syndrome, where the _____ that drain blood out of the liver are blocked by a thrombosis which can lead to hepatomegaly and ischemia

hepatic veins

The gross appearance of _______ necrosis is of liquid tissue

liquefactive

_________, or decreased hemoglobin concentration, decreases the amount of oxygen-hemoglobin in blood, and thus is a common cause of hypoxia

anemia

_______ poisoning causes hypoxia by interfering with oxygen utilization in the tissue, and not by decreasing the blood flow or oxygen content of blood

cyanide

The process of _____ involves the collapse of the cytoskeleton, disassembly of the nuclear envelop, and breakdown of DNA

apoptosis