The Four Kingdoms🦠🧫🍄🧬 , Zombies? 🧟‍♂️ , Antibiotics 💊 .

Transduction

Transduction

________ is a process of genetic transfer in bacteria where genetic information is transferred from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria)

Inflammatory response

________: Upon detection of a pathogen, the innate immune system triggers a(n) ________, which helps to recruit immune cells to the site of infection and destroy the pathogen.

life cycle

During the ________ of a bacteriophage, it can sometimes pick up a piece of the host bacterium's genetic material and transfer it to another bacterium when the phage infects it.

Lysogenic

________: Hides out until the host is unhealthy, and gets out.

Complement system

________: a group of proteins that work together to enhance the innate immune response by marking pathogens for destruction by phagocytes and attracting immune cells to the site of infection.

Phagocytosis

________: Phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, are cells that can engulf and destroy pathogens by a process known as ________.

Quorum sensing

________: is a cell- to- cell communication mechanism bacteria use to coordinate behavior on a population- wide scale.

Transformation

________ is a process by which bacteria take up and incorporate foreign genetic material into their own genome.

Infectious diseases

________: While ________ can cause changes in behavior, there is no known virus or pathogen that can cause the sort of symptoms associated with zombies in humans at least, such as an insatiable hunger for human flesh.

Viral Chatter

________: preexisting virus we get exposed to, Zoonosis: transfer from animals such as the banana that the infected bat picks off, drops it in the pigs enclosure, which is then consumed and around humans with the infected pig, which causes… emerging diseases.

Lack of consciousness

________: Even if dead tissue could be reanimated, there would be no consciousness or will driving the reanimated tissue.

level of awareness

Zombies, as they are typically portrayed, have a(n) ________ and intelligence that is not scientifically possible for reanimated dead tissue.

Physical

________ and chemical barriers: The skin and mucous membranes provide a physical barrier to protect the body from pathogens, while the mucous membranes also produce substances such as mucus and lysozyme to trap and destroy pathogens.

Natural killer

________ (NK) cells: NK cells are a type of white blood cell that can recognize and kill infected cells without prior sensitization.

threshold concentration of autoinducers

Once a(n) ________ is reached, it triggers a response in the bacteria that results in a coordinated change in behavior, such as changes in gene expression, virulence, and biofilm formation.

Lytic

Must attach, penetrate, assemble, reproduce, and get out, host cell dies

Lysogenic

Hides out until the host is unhealthy, and gets out

Overprescribing

When antibiotics are prescribed for viral infections, such as the common cold, which are caused by viruses and cannot be treated with antibiotics

Taking antibiotics incorrectly

Not completing the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, or taking antibiotics that were prescribed for someone else

Using antibiotics unnecessarily

Taking antibiotics to prevent infections, when there is no infection present

Quorum sensing

is a cell-to-cell communication mechanism bacteria use to coordinate behavior on a population-wide scale

Reanimation of dead tissue

There is no known mechanism that could reanimate dead tissue and bring a deceased organism back to life

Lack of consciousness

Even if dead tissue could be reanimated, there would be no consciousness or will driving the reanimated tissue

Brain function

For the sort of zombie behavior that is typically depicted in media, a functioning brain would be necessary

Infectious diseases

While infectious diseases can cause changes in behavior, there is no known virus or pathogen that can cause the sort of symptoms associated with zombies in humans at least, such as an insatiable hunger for human flesh

All present

use of antibiotics (meat, fruit, water supply, factory, aquaculture)

Physical and chemical barriers

The skin and mucous membranes provide a physical barrier to protect the body from pathogens, while the mucous membranes also produce substances such as mucus and lysozyme to trap and destroy pathogens

Inflammatory response

Upon detection of a pathogen, the innate immune system triggers an inflammatory response, which helps to recruit immune cells to the site of infection and destroy the pathogen

Phagocytosis

Phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, are cells that can engulf and destroy pathogens by a process known as phagocytosis

Natural killer (NK) cells

NK cells are a type of white blood cell that can recognize and kill infected cells without prior sensitization

Complement system

a group of proteins that work together to enhance the innate immune response by marking pathogens for destruction by phagocytes and attracting immune cells to the site of infection