Unit 2 Population Key Terms Flashcards

AP HUG Population Unit

Density

Frequency of a feature on a piece of land

Concentration

Extent of a feature on a piece of land

Arithmetic Density

Total number of objects in an area

• Population / Land area

Physiological Density

Number of people supported by a unit area of farmable (arable) land

• Population / Arable land

Agricultural Density

Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

• Population of farmers / Arable land area

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

Total number of deaths in children under 5 years old out of 1,000 live births

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Total number of deaths in a year out of 1,000 people

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Total number of live births in a year out of 1,000 living people

Age-Sex Distribution

On the X-axis of population pyramids

• % female displayed on the right

• % male displayed on the left

On the Y-axis of population pyramids

• Age cohorts of usually 5 years

• Oldest at top, youngest at bottom

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of humans that an environment can sustainably support

Census Tract

A small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a country used for collecting data

Depency Ratio

Measure used to indicate the ratio of people in the “dependent” (“non-working” or “unproductive”) ages compared to those who are working

• Dependents: Ages 0-14 and 65+ years compared the economically productive people (15-64)

Doubling Time

The number of years to double population assuming a constant rate of increase

• Rule of 70: 70 / growth rate % = Doubling Time

Exponential Growth

A population increasing at a steady rate, causing growth to become faster and faster over time

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Number of deaths of infants under one year old out of 1,000 live births per year

• Per 1,000 people rather than a percentage

  • Low in developed countries

  • High in developing countries

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live 

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

Number of female deaths out of 100,000 live births per year

• Complications with childbirth, pregnancy, or the puerperium

Natural Increase Rate/Natural Rate of Increase

Percent by which a population grows in a year

• ((CBR - CDR) / 1000) x 100 = NRI

Replacement Rate

The average number of children a woman must have to replace herself and her partner to keep the population stable

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of babies a woman will have during childbearing years (15-49)

Urban Density

The concentration of people, jobs, or buildings within a city

• People / Unit of land area

Zero Population Growth

A state where a population’s size remains stable

• Births + Immigrants = Deaths + Emigrants

Demographic Momentum

The continued growth of a population even after fertility rates have declined

• Large percent of the population still in their productive years

DTM Stage 1 - High Fluctuating

BR: High

DR: High

NIR: Low and fluctuating

Development: Very low

Where?: Pre-industrial, very low income countries (LIC)

• Uncontacted tribes

DTM Stage 2 - Early expanding/Youthful

BR: High

DR: Decreasing rapidly

NIR: Rapid Increase

Development: Low (LIC) — Indicates beginning of industrialization / healthcare access

Where?: LDCs like Sub-Saharan Africa, Afghanistan

• Lots of other developing countries

DTM Stage 3 - Late expanding

BR: Decreasing rapidly

DR: Decreasing more slowly/low

NIR: Increasing but more slowly

Development: Low to medium — “Newly Emerging Economies” (NEE)

Where?: Much of the developing / developed world

DTM Stage 4 - Low fluctuating/Stable

BR: Low

DR: Low

NIR: Low and fluctuating

Development: High/very high (HDCs)

Where?: Post-Industrial countries

• Europe, North America, etc…

DTM Stage 5 - Decline

BR: Very low (Below DR)

DR: Low

NIR: Low; decreasing slowly

Development: Very high (HDCs)

Where?: Russia, Japan

• Some other European countries

Demographic Transition Model

Demography

The scientific study of human populations examining their size, composition, and distribution across space

Neo-Malthusian

Mid 1900s

• All of the same beliefs as Malthus, but believed that technology could not save us

Thomas Malthus

Claimed that the population grew faster than the food supply

• Would cause a great famine

Theory and Reality of Malthus

• Food production increased over the last 90 years (Faster than Malthus thought)

• Model predicted that world population would quadruple over 50 years

  • Not even India’s population growth out-passed food

Point of Crisis = Critical Capacity

The moment when a population’s growth surpasses the environment’s ability to sustain it

• Leads to severe imbalance and potential societal collapse

Epidemiologic Transition

A theory explaining how a population’s health threats change as a country develops

• Infectious diseases and famines —- Chronic degenerative diseases

Population Pyramid

Graphical representation showing the distribution of various age groups in a population

• Males on left, females on right

• Youngest at bottom, oldest at top

Sustainable Growth Theory

An economic approach that balances economic development with environmental stewardship and social equality

• Ensures that current needs are met without compromising future generations

“Baby Boom”

A period of significant increase in birth rates

“Baby Bust”

A period of declining birth rates that is followed by a “Baby Boom”

Cohort

A group of people who share a common characteristic, experience, or time period

• Birth year, migration, etc…

Ecumene

Permanent human settlement

Nonecumene

Uninhabited area

Underemployment

When there is an abundance of skilled labor, but a shortage of suitable job opportunities

Infanticide

The intentional killing of an infant

• Cultural reasons, gender imbalance issues, or unwanted children

Genocide

The deliberate and systematic killing of a racial, ethnic, religious, or national group

Pro-Natalist Policies

Countries with low birth rates

• Japan, Denmark, Singapore

Anti-Natalist Policies

Countries with high birth rates

• China’s One Child Policy (1970s-2015)

• India’s Forced Sterilization (1960s-1970s)

Pandemic

A disease that spreads across a wide geographic area and affects a large percent of the population

Epidemic

Unexpected and large outbreak of a disease in a specific population or region exceeding what is normally expected

Primary Economic Activities

Agriculture, Natural resource extraction

• LDCs / periphery

• Stage 2/3

Secondary Economic Activities

Manufacturing

• Developing countries

• Stage 3

Tertiary Economic Activities

Goods and services

• HDCs

• Stage 4/5