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What is the number one factor affecting food access?

Poverty – it determines who can afford food.

What are key factors influencing food access?

Money, taste, convenience, demographics, kitchen access, transportation, farming/agriculture, grocery store staffing, imports/exports, climate, health, and sanitation.

What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

A set of 17 global goals established in 2015 to be achieved by 2030.

Define food security.

Having access to safe, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food without experiencing hunger.

Define hunger.

A state where a person lacks the necessary food intake and nutrients to survive.

What is wasting?

A condition where a child has low weight for height due to recent rapid weight loss or failure to gain weight.

What is stunting?

Impaired growth due to poor nutrition, infections, or inadequate psychosocial stimulation.

What is the difference between famine and hunger?

Famine is an acute, widespread malnutrition crisis leading to starvation, while hunger is a chronic, long-term lack of food access.

What are the types of malnutrition?

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), micronutrient deficiency, overweight/obesity.

How many people were undernourished in 2023?

733 million globally.

Who is most affected by undernutrition?

Children, women, and people in conflict zones.

What is the most common micronutrient disorder?

Iron deficiency anemia, affecting over 1.6 billion people.

How does maternal malnutrition affect newborns?

Stunted or underweight mothers often give birth to low-weight infants, increasing risks at birth.

What percentage of under-five deaths occur in the neonatal period?

45%.

Define maternal mortality.

The death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination due to pregnancy-related causes.

What is the extreme poverty line?

Living on $2.15 per day.

How do food prices impact food access?

The FAO Food Price Index tracks international price changes; higher index values mean higher food costs.

How do politics affect malnutrition?

Government policies, ideology, and equity policies influence food security and poverty.

How many people will need humanitarian aid in 2025?

307.6 million.

What are major drivers of humanitarian crises?

Conflict, climate emergencies, economic instability, and disease outbreaks.

What are key gender inequality statistics?

1 in 3 women experience gender-based violence; 1 in 7 girls in developing countries marry before age 15; Women hold only 20% of world legislature positions.

What are the primary functions of water in the body?

Solvent, lubricant, transport medium, temperature regulation, electrolyte balance.

What percentage of body weight loss from water leads to severe dehydration?

10%.

How long can a person survive without water and food?

3 days without water, 3 weeks without food.

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

Provide energy.

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.

What is the effect of processed foods on blood sugar levels?

They cause high and low fluctuations, increasing obesity risk.

What are the functions of proteins in the body?

Growth, repair, metabolism, hormone production.

What are the three types of amino acids?

Essential (must come from diet), non-essential (body produces them), conditionally essential (body may not produce enough in some cases).

How many calories per gram do proteins, carbohydrates, and fats provide?

Protein = 4 kcal/g; Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/g; Fats = 9 kcal/g.

What are the four types of fats?

Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans fats.

What is cholesterol made of?

Fats and lipoproteins.

What is the difference between LDL and HDL?

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) = 'Bad' cholesterol, contributes to plaque buildup; HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) = 'Good' cholesterol, helps remove excess cholesterol.

What are vitamins, and what do they do?

Organic compounds that enable chemical reactions and regulate metabolism.

What is Vitamin A also known as?

Retinol.

What is Vitamin B9 called, and what does it help prevent?

Folate; prevents neural tube defects and anemia.

What are the functions of minerals?

Aid enzyme function, maintain electrical balance, generate nerve impulses, build bone structure.

What are the two types of iron, and which is easier to absorb?

Heme iron (easier to absorb, animal-based) and non-heme iron (harder to absorb, plant-based).

Why is iodine important?

Supports brain and nervous system development, metabolism.

What happens to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in energy metabolism?

Carbs → Glucose → Stored as glycogen; Fat → Fatty acids → Stored as body fat; Protein → Amino acids → Used for muscle and energy (if needed).

What is the average age range for females who can get pregnant?

9-50 years old.

How long is a full-term pregnancy?

40 weeks.

What are the three trimesters of pregnancy and their timeframes?

First trimester: Weeks 1-12; Second trimester: Weeks 13-28; Third trimester: Weeks 29-40.

By what percentage does blood volume increase during pregnancy?

50%.

Which trimester has the highest need for protein and energy?

2nd and 3rd trimester.

Why is Vitamin A important during pregnancy?

It is stored in the liver and supports embryonic growth.

When is the highest need for iron during pregnancy?

2nd and 3rd trimester.

What happens if a pregnant woman lacks folate (Vitamin B9)?

It can lead to neural tube defects and infant mortality.

What is preeclampsia, and when is the risk highest?

A pregnancy complication with high blood pressure, highest in the 2nd and 3rd trimester.

Why is iodine important during pregnancy?

Essential for brain and nervous system development and metabolism.

Is calcium needed more during pregnancy?

No, but a calcium deficiency can harm the baby’s bone development.

What nutrient is needed most after birth?

Zinc (especially for breastfeeding mothers).

What is colostrum, and why is it important?

Early breast milk that provides immunity and essential nutrients for newborns.

Name three benefits of breastfeeding for the baby.

Strengthens immunity, reduces risk of food allergies, supports proper jaw and teeth development.

Name three benefits of breastfeeding for the mother.

Helps the uterus return to pre-pregnancy size, reduces risk of ovarian and breast cancer, cheaper than formula feeding.

What are some risks of formula feeding?

Contamination, improper nutrient formulations, higher cost.

What percentage of child deaths under age 5 are caused by poor nutrition?

Nearly 50% (1 in 15 children).

How long should breastfeeding be continued alongside complementary feeding?

Up to 2 years and beyond.

What are some ways to reduce diarrheal diseases in children?

Encouraging breastfeeding, measles immunization, safe water supply, female education.

At what age range are nutrient needs second only to infancy?

10-19 years old (Adolescents).

What nutrients are most important for adolescents?

Calcium and iron.

Do men or women need more calories?

Men need slightly more calories, but women need more micronutrients (calcium, iron, folic acid).

What are food-based dietary guidelines designed to do?

Protect against malnutrition and disease.

How many grams of fruits and vegetables should people eat daily?

At least 400g.

What percentage of daily energy should come from free sugars?

Less than 10% (about 50g per day).

What is the difference between supplements, fortification, and enrichment?

Supplements = Concentrated nutrients (e.g., pills); Fortification = Adding nutrients to staple foods; Enrichment = Restoring lost nutrients from food processing.