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Flashcard 1
Q: What is the number one factor affecting food access?
A: Poverty – it determines who can afford food.

Flashcard 2
Q: What are key factors influencing food access?
A: Money, taste, convenience, demographics, kitchen access, transportation, farming/agriculture, grocery store staffing, imports/exports, climate, health, and sanitation.

Flashcard 3
Q: What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
A: A set of 17 global goals established in 2015 to be achieved by 2030.

Flashcard 4
Q: Define food security.
A: Having access to safe, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food without experiencing hunger.

Flashcard 5
Q: Define hunger.
A: A state where a person lacks the necessary food intake and nutrients to survive.

Flashcard 6
Q: What is wasting?
A: A condition where a child has low weight for height due to recent rapid weight loss or failure to gain weight.

Flashcard 7
Q: What is stunting?
A: Impaired growth due to poor nutrition, infections, or inadequate psychosocial stimulation.

Flashcard 8
Q: What is the difference between famine and hunger?
A:

  • Famine is an acute, widespread malnutrition crisis leading to starvation.

  • Hunger is a chronic, long-term lack of food access.

Flashcard 9
Q: What are the types of malnutrition?
A:

  • Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

  • Micronutrient deficiency

  • Overweight/obesity

Flashcard 10
Q: How many people were undernourished in 2023?
A: 733 million globally.

Flashcard 11
Q: Who is most affected by undernutrition?
A: Children, women, and people in conflict zones.

Flashcard 12
Q: What is the most common micronutrient disorder?
A: Iron deficiency anemia, affecting over 1.6 billion people.

Flashcard 13
Q: How does maternal malnutrition affect newborns?
A: Stunted or underweight mothers often give birth to low-weight infants, increasing risks at birth.

Flashcard 14
Q: What percentage of under-five deaths occur in the neonatal period?
A: 45%.

Flashcard 15
Q: Define maternal mortality.
A: The death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination due to pregnancy-related causes.

Flashcard 16
Q: What is the extreme poverty line?
A: Living on $2.15 per day.

Flashcard 17
Q: How do food prices impact food access?
A: The FAO Food Price Index tracks international price changes; higher index values mean higher food costs.

Flashcard 18
Q: How do politics affect malnutrition?
A: Government policies, ideology, and equity policies influence food security and poverty.

Flashcard 19
Q: How many people will need humanitarian aid in 2025?
A: 307.6 million.

Flashcard 20
Q: What are major drivers of humanitarian crises?
A: Conflict, climate emergencies, economic instability, and disease outbreaks.

Flashcard 21
Q: What are key gender inequality statistics?
A:

  • 1 in 3 women experience gender-based violence.

  • 1 in 7 girls in developing countries marry before age 15.

  • Women hold only 20% of world legislature positions.

Flashcard 1
Q: What are the primary functions of water in the body?
A: Solvent, lubricant, transport medium, temperature regulation, electrolyte balance.

Flashcard 2
Q: What percentage of body weight loss from water leads to severe dehydration?
A: 10%.

Flashcard 3
Q: How long can a person survive without water and food?
A: 3 days without water, 3 weeks without food.

Flashcard 4
Q: What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
A: Provide energy.

Flashcard 5
Q: What are the three types of carbohydrates?
A: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.

Flashcard 6
Q: What is the effect of processed foods on blood sugar levels?
A: They cause high and low fluctuations, increasing obesity risk.

Flashcard 7
Q: What are the functions of proteins in the body?
A: Growth, repair, metabolism, hormone production.

Flashcard 8
Q: What are the three types of amino acids?
A:

  • Essential (must come from diet).

  • Non-essential (body produces them).

  • Conditionally essential (body may not produce enough in some cases).

Flashcard 9
Q: How many calories per gram do proteins, carbohydrates, and fats provide?
A:

  • Protein = 4 kcal/g

  • Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/g

  • Fats = 9 kcal/g

Flashcard 10
Q: What are the four types of fats?
A:

  1. Saturated

  2. Monounsaturated

  3. Polyunsaturated

  4. Trans fats

Flashcard 11
Q: What is cholesterol made of?
A: Fats and lipoproteins.

Flashcard 12
Q: What is the difference between LDL and HDL?
A:

  • LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) = "Bad" cholesterol, contributes to plaque buildup.

  • HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) = "Good" cholesterol, helps remove excess cholesterol.

Flashcard 13
Q: What are vitamins, and what do they do?
A: Organic compounds that enable chemical reactions and regulate metabolism.

Flashcard 14
Q: What is Vitamin A also known as?
A: Retinol.

Flashcard 15
Q: What is Vitamin B9 called, and what does it help prevent?
A: Folate; prevents neural tube defects and anemia.

Flashcard 16
Q: What are the functions of minerals?
A: Aid enzyme function, maintain electrical balance, generate nerve impulses, build bone structure.

Flashcard 17
Q: What are the two types of iron, and which is easier to absorb?
A:

  • Heme iron (animal-based, easier to absorb).

  • Non-heme iron (plant-based, harder to absorb).

Flashcard 18
Q: Why is iodine important?
A: Supports brain and nervous system development, metabolism.

Flashcard 19
Q: What happens to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in energy metabolism?
A:

  • Carbs → Glucose → Stored as glycogen in liver/muscles.

  • Fat → Fatty acids → Stored as body fat.

  • Protein → Amino acids → Used for muscle and energy (if needed).

Flashcard 1
Q: What is the average age range for females who can get pregnant?
A: 9-50 years old.

Flashcard 2
Q: How long is a full-term pregnancy?
A: 40 weeks.

Flashcard 3
Q: What are the three trimesters of pregnancy and their timeframes?
A:

  • First trimester: Weeks 1-12

  • Second trimester: Weeks 13-28

  • Third trimester: Weeks 29-40

Flashcard 4
Q: By what percentage does blood volume increase during pregnancy?
A: 50%.

Flashcard 5
Q: Which trimester has the highest need for protein and energy?
A: 2nd and 3rd trimester (most needed during the first 6 months of breastfeeding).

Flashcard 6
Q: Why is Vitamin A important during pregnancy?
A: It is stored in the liver and supports embryonic growth.

Flashcard 7
Q: When is the highest need for iron during pregnancy?
A: 2nd and 3rd trimester (needed due to increased blood volume and loss during delivery).

Flashcard 8
Q: What happens if a pregnant woman lacks folate (Vitamin B9)?
A: It can lead to neural tube defects and infant mortality.

Flashcard 9
Q: What is preeclampsia, and when is the risk highest?
A: A pregnancy complication with high blood pressure, highest in the 2nd and 3rd trimester.

Flashcard 10
Q: Why is iodine important during pregnancy?
A: Essential for brain and nervous system development and metabolism.

Flashcard 11
Q: Is calcium needed more during pregnancy?
A: No, but a calcium deficiency can harm the baby’s bone development.

Flashcard 12
Q: What nutrient is needed most after birth?
A: Zinc (especially for breastfeeding mothers).

Flashcard 13
Q: What is colostrum, and why is it important?
A: Early breast milk that provides immunity and essential nutrients for newborns.

Flashcard 14
Q: Name three benefits of breastfeeding for the baby.
A:

  1. Strengthens immunity.

  2. Reduces risk of food allergies.

  3. Supports proper jaw and teeth development.

Flashcard 15
Q: Name three benefits of breastfeeding for the mother.
A:

  1. Helps the uterus return to pre-pregnancy size.

  2. Reduces risk of ovarian and breast cancer.

  3. Cheaper than formula feeding.

Flashcard 16
Q: What are some risks of formula feeding?
A:

  • Contamination

  • Improper nutrient formulations

  • Higher cost

Flashcard 17
Q: What percentage of child deaths under age 5 are caused by poor nutrition?
A: Nearly 50% (1 in 15 children).

Flashcard 18
Q: How long should breastfeeding be continued alongside complementary feeding?
A: Up to 2 years and beyond.

Flashcard 19
Q: What are some ways to reduce diarrheal diseases in children?
A:

  • Encouraging breastfeeding

  • Measles immunization

  • Safe water supply

  • Female education

Flashcard 20
Q: At what age range are nutrient needs second only to infancy?
A: 10-19 years old (Adolescents).

Flashcard 21
Q: What nutrients are most important for adolescents?
A: Calcium and iron (due to rapid growth).

Flashcard 22
Q: Do men or women need more calories?
A: Men need slightly more calories, but women need more micronutrients (calcium, iron, folic acid).

Flashcard 23
Q: What are food-based dietary guidelines designed to do?
A: Protect against malnutrition and disease.

Flashcard 24
Q: How many grams of fruits and vegetables should people eat daily?
A: At least 400g.

Flashcard 25
Q: What percentage of daily energy should come from free sugars?
A: Less than 10% (about 50g per day).

Flashcard 26
Q: What is the difference between supplements, fortification, and enrichment?
A:

  • Supplements = Concentrated nutrients (e.g., pills).

  • Fortification = Adding nutrients to staple foods.

  • Enrichment = Restoring lost nutrients from food processing