solutions

adhesion

binding between dissimilar substances

(e.g. water sticking to a glass)

cohesion

attraction between the same kind of molecules

(e.g. water molecules bead together)

solution

homogenous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

solute

a substance that can be dissolved in a solution

present in smaller amounts

solvent

has the ability to dissolve other substances to make a solution

present in larger amounts

polar

soluble in water

hydrophilic

non-polar

insoluble in water

hydrophobic

molarity

the number of moles of a solute per liter of a solution

moles/liter

dilution

reducing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent

M1V1 = M2V2

osmosis

the passive transport of water from high to low concentration

no ATP

hypotonic solution

low solute concentration

hypertonic solution

high solute concentration

isotonic solution

equal amount of solute to solvent

0.9% normal saline

passive diffusion

the passive transport of small particles from high to low concentrations without a protein channel

no ATP

facilitated diffusion

passive transport of large substances through a protein channel from high to low concentration

how does distance affect diffusion

the farther the particles have to travel, diffusion rate slows down

how does temperature affect diffusion

higher temperature increases diffusion rate

how does density affect diffusion

higher density results in slower diffusion

how does mass affect diffusion

higher mass results in slower diffusion

how does polarity affect diffusion

small non-polar substances pass barriers easier, increasing diffusion rate

active transport

movement of substances from low to high concentration

uses ATP and transport proteins

how does temperature affect solubility of solid and liquid solutes

increased temperature = increased solubility

how does temperature affect solubility of gas

increased temperature = decreased solubility

saturated solution

solution that has the maximum possible amount of solute

supersaturated solution

higher temperature solution in which more solute can dissolve

unsaturated solution

a solution with less than the maximum possible amount of solute

molarity

moles solute / liters solution

molality

moles solution / kg solvent

mole fraction

moles solute / total moles

mass percentage

(grams solute / grams solution) * 100

parts per thousand (ppt)

grams solute / kg solution

parts per million (ppm)

mg solute / kg solution

parts per billion (ppb)

mcg solute / kg solution