HSP3U1- Sociology

Norms

unwritten rules/expectations that guide behavior in a society or group

roles

expected behaviors of how specific individuals should act in specific roles

social influence

influence of a person’s actions on a persons thoughts or behaviors

Status

the importance of our position within a social group

Chain of Command

a hierarchy of levels of authority and power in a social institution

Role conflict

different chains of command lead to power conflict within social institutions

rebellion

when an individual doesn’t fit in so they rebel against social norms

Structural Functionalism

individuals associate with society based on their relationships within society

Symbolic interactionism

individuals attach meanings to their social interactions & symbols they use to communicate

Conflict Theory

inequality in a society causes conflict for power and resources

Feminist sociology

focus on gender inequality

Socialization

process of individuals learning & internalizing the values, norms, beliefs, necessary to be part of society

5 agents

Family, friends, school, culture, media

Social Identity

the way you define yourself to the world

Looking-glass self

individuals sense of self shaped by how others responds and see them

3 steps to self-concept

1: imagining how people see us

2: interpreting the reactions of others

3: developing sense of self-acting the same if gained positive reactions

Mead’s Roles

Imitation 0-3 yrs: children imitate the people they interact with

Play stage 3<: children begin role play as parent, see world as another perspective

Game stage: children begin to understand the roles, values expectations

Social Identity Theory

Group membership helps shape ones identity

Group membership

social groups or categories an individual belongs to

Role Theory

individuals behave in society based on the roles they occupy

Social Roles

expectations attached to specific social positions

Discrimination

treatment that is unfair based on race, age, gender

overt discrimination

intentional discrimination towards individual

systemic discrimination

unintentional discrimination

Upstander

someone who takes action for something they believe as right

By stander

someone who watches and doesn’t act

Learned Theory

discrimination is not human behavior and is learned through socialization

Competition Theory

discrimination happens when groups compete for limited resources

Frustration-aggression theory

group experiences barriers and frustration builds up leading to aggression

scapegoating

aggression towards marginalized groups that are vunerable

ignorance theory

discrimination based on lack of knowledge

Collective behavior

individuals act together as part of a group to a spontaneous event normally temporary

Convergence theory

individuals with same attitudes or behaviors come together

Rational decision theory

individuals make a rational decision whether to participate in collective behavior

threshold

tipping point for a decision-numbers of a collective behavior group

prosocial behavior

care to others without benefitting

altruism

unselfish regards for the needs and interests of others-usually can sacrifice themselves to danger

crowds

people gathered for a purpose/reason

conventional crowd

gathered for a clear purpose displaying expected behavior -town hall meetings

casual crowd

a gathering of people at random-mall (same plce same time)

expressive crowd

a gathering of people expressing emotion/excitement

acting crowd

fuelled by a single purpose or goal

mobs

disorderly crowd of people

smart mobs, flash mobs, flash robs

SM: use of electronic media

FM: fun activities done to surprise/please people

FR: large coordinated group to commit something unpleasant

conformity

changing behaviour to fit in with a group because you want too

compliance

fitting in with a group even though you don’t want to, to avoid conflict

obedience

doing something on terms of a demand from authority

Group think

values or agreement and harmony over critical thinking

serotonin

a chemical messenger in the brain associated with feelings of well-being

Child abuse

neglect in parenting, not giving proper affection and love

types of abuse

neglect, emotional, physical, sexual