Hypothesis Testing and Sample Size Estimation

These flashcards cover key terminology and concepts related to hypothesis testing and sample size estimation.

Confidence Interval

A range of values, derived from sample statistics, that is likely to contain the true population parameter.

Sample Size Calculation

The process of determining the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample.

P-Hat (p̂)

The sample proportion, an estimate of the population proportion, computed from sample data.

Null Hypothesis (H0)

A statement of no effect or no difference; it is tested in hypothesis testing against the alternative hypothesis.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

The hypothesis that states there is an effect or a difference; it opposes the null hypothesis.

Standard Error

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic, often used in hypothesis testing.

Sampling Distribution

The probability distribution of a given statistic based on a random sample.

Central Limit Theorem (CLT)

A statistical theory that states that the distribution of sample means will approach a normal distribution as the sample size becomes larger.

Z-Score

A statistical measurement that describes a value's relation to the mean of a group of values, measured in terms of standard deviations.

P-Value

The probability of observing test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.