Ch. 6 Anatomy and Physiology

xiphoid process

inferior portion of the sternum

ligaments

connect bone to bone

tendons

connect muscle to bone

musculoskeletal system

-to give body shape

-protect vital internal organs

-body movement

skull

cranium

mandible

lower jaw bone

33 vertebrae

Spine consists of:

thorax

chest

sternum

breastbone

pelvis

hip bone

ilium

superior bone that contains the iliac crest

ischium

inferior, posterior portion of the hip

femur

thigh bone

patella

kneecap

tibia

the medial and larger bone of the lower leg

fibula

the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

tarsals

ankle bones

metatarsals

foot bones

calcaneous bone

heel bone

phalanges

fingers, toes

clavicle

collar bone

scapula

shoulder blade

humerus

upper arm bone

ulna

medial bone of the forearm

radius

lateral bone of the forearm (thumb side)

voluntary muscle

skeletal muscle

involuntary muscle

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

muscle of the heart

larynx

voice box

automacity

the ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own

pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

left ventricle

-receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium

-the most muscular and strongest part of the heart

capillaries

smallest blood vessels where gas exchange takes place

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

main energy source that cells use for most of their work

lymphatic system

-defense against infection and disease;

-collaboration of organs, tissues, thin walled vessels, and fluid that are found throughout the entire body

-capture fluid (lymph) that escapes from the cells and tissues and return it to the bloodstream

lymphoid organs

lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerve tissue

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

sensory and motor neurons

autonomic nervous system

controls involuntary motor fuctions

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

fast heart rate

lungs to breath deeper

blood vessels to constrict

digestive system

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to blood cells

stomach

hollow organ; large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

liver

produces bile

gallbladder

a muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile ans stores it until needed for digestion

panreas

produces the hormone insulin; assists in breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, and fat

spleen

acts as a blood filtration system in which it filters out older blood cells

epidermis layers

outer layers of skin

dermis layers

inner layer of skin; small vessels bruising happens

subcutaneous layer

under the skin; veins and arteries swelling derives

renal system

regulates fluid balance and blood filtration. Also called urinary system

kidneys

filter blood from the renal arteries and produce urine as waste

wrist

carpal

hand

metacarpals

respiratory system

brings oxygen into the body. gets rid of carbon dioxide

inhalation

an active process in which the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs

exhalation

the passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercoastal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs

ventilation

the process of moving gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood

aorta

largest artery in the body

pulmonary veins

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

aerobic metabolism

the cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waste products

diaphragm

a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. it plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for movement of gases between air and blood

trachea

(windpipe) allows air to pass to and from lungs

bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs

cardiac conduction system

a system that specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat

posterior tibial artery

supplies blood to the ankle and the back of the lower leg

dorsalis pedis artery

artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe

peripheral pulse

the radial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses, which can be felt at the periphery or outer reaches of the body

platelets

when they are activated they release chemical clotting factors needed to form blood clots

hypoperfusion

(shock) inadequate flow of blood

parasympathetic nervous system

feed-or-breed response-- causes increased blood flow to the digestive tract and to the reproductive organs. It can also cause the heart to slow down and the blood vessels to dilate

spleen

upper left quadrant

appendix

right lower quadrant

gallbladder

right upper quadrant

pancreas

left upper quadrant

liver

right upper quadrant