Untitled Flashcards Set

Jan Hus

The leader of the Czech religious reforms and the spiritual founder of the Protestant Reformation in the 1500s.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church, a common practice to raise money.

Church Ales

Modern day bake sale where citizens sell items to raise money for the church, reflecting community spirit.

Zwickau Prophets

Swiss prophets considered highly radical who claimed to speak the word of God.

Diet of Worms

Assembly called by Charles V in 1521 where Luther was ordered to recant but refused.

95 Theses

Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church, nailed to a church door in 1517.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect advocating adult baptism, pacifism, church-state separation, and democratic organization.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be determined by its ruler.

John Calvin

French theologian (1509-1564) who developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism.

Lucas Cranach

Court painter and friend of Luther, known for painting portraits of Luther.

A Mighty Fortress Is Our God

Well-known Lutheran hymn called the 'Battle Hymn of the Reformation'.

Gutenberg Bible

Printed version of the Latin Vulgate by Johannes Gutenberg in the fifteenth century.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Roman Catholic order founded to defend Catholicism and to do missionary work.

1st Council of Trent

Council held to counteract the Protestant Reformation, reaffirming Catholic Doctrine.

Teresa of Avila

Spanish Carmelite nun who reformed the Carmelite order and inspired many during the Reformation.

Edict of Nantes

Decree by King Henry IV granting rights to French Protestants in a predominantly Catholic country.

Council of Troubles

Initiated reign of terror against Spanish rule in the Netherlands, resulting in mass executions.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648, allowing rulers to choose their religion in the Holy Roman Empire.

The Hammer of Witches

Witch-hunting manual by Dominican Inquisitors during the witch craze.

Cunning Folk

Village members believed to have healing and magical powers.

Matthew Hopkins

English witch-hunter known for brutal methods in seeking out supposed witches.

Galileo

First to use a telescope for astronomical observations, discovering planets as physical bodies.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who formulated the heliocentric theory displacing the earth as the center of the universe.

Royal Society

Honorary society established in 1660 to promote science under British government support.

Leviathan

written by thomas hobbs, pessimistic, contract theory..?

Sun King

Nickname for Louis XIV highlighting the magnificence of his court and his emblem.

Bill of Rights

coming out of england, king cant tax, no standing army, parliament in charge

John Locke

17th century philosopher asserting natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Voltaire

French philosopher advocating for freedom of speech and criticizing government corruption.

Encyclopedia (Diderot)

A comprehensive reference work of human knowledge consisting of 28 volumes.

Gin Lane

Painting by William Hogarth that contrasts the harsh realities of gin consumption with happier images of beer.

Turnip Townshend

Promoted the cultivation of turnips for livestock feed, becoming a pioneering figure in agriculture.

Rousseau's Confessions

An autobiographical book by Rousseau, discussing his life and philosophy.

John Wilkes

Radical journalist who championed the rights of voters to choose their representatives.

Diamond Necklace Affair

Scandal involving Marie Antoinette's desire for an expensive necklace that increased government debt.

Madame du Barry

Louis XV's controversial mistress, given a title to mitigate public disdain.

What is the Third Estate?

Influential pamphlet by Abbé Sieyès advocating for the political rights of the Third Estate.

Festival of the Supreme Being

Secular holiday created by Robespierre, reflecting his detachment from reality.

Sans-Culottes

Radical group in the French Revolution demanding lower prices and government representation.

Napoleonic Code

Civil code by Napoleon ensuring equality before the law and protection of property rights.

Dos de Mayo Uprising

Madrid's revolt against French rule in 1808, marking the rise of Spanish nationalism.

Battle of Trafalgar

1805 naval battle where Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under Horatio Nelson.