Untitled Flashcards Set

1. Jan Hus: The leader of the Czech religious reforms, and the spiritual founder of the Protestant reformation in the 1500's. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy. 2. Indulgences: Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. 3. Church Ales: A modern day bake sale where citizen will sell things to the community to bring money to the church. The church was representative of the community and brought people together, so this is important because it shows a sense of community. 4. Zwickau prophets: swiss prophets who were highly radical and believed they could speak the word of God, Luther kicks them out 5. Diet of worms: Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. 6. 95 theses: It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church. 7. Anabaptists: A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. 8. Peace of augsburg: 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler 9. John Calvin: 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. 10. Lucas Cranach: He was a court painter and friend of Luther who painted portraits of Luther. 11. "A mighty fortress in our god": one of the best known hymns of the Lutheran tradition, and among Protestants more generally. It has been called the "Battle Hymn of the Reformation" for the effect it had in increasing the support for the Reformers' cause. John Julian records four theories of its origin 12. Gutenberg Bible: A printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the fifteenth century. 13. Society of Jesus (Jesuits): a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen 14. 1st Council of Trent: Council held between 1545-9 to counteract the Protestant Reformation, they reaffirmed the Catholic Doctrine (sacraments, good works) and that the Church was the key to salvation.

15. Teresa of Avila: (1515-1582) Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period. 16. Edict of Nantes: a decree signed in 1598 by King Henry IV of France that granted religious and civil rights to the French Protestants, also known as Huguenots. a response to the French Wars of Religion, which had been ongoing since 1562. The decree was controversial because it provided civil rights to a minority group in a predominantly Catholic country 17. Council of Troubles: inaugurated reign of terror against Spanish rule (dutch called it Council of Blood) by Calvinists, nobles and merchants, 1,000s killed, begins inquisition in Netherlands 18. Treaty of Westphalia: Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic 19. The Hammer of Witches: Witch-hunting manual by two Dominican Inquisitors, which began a witch craze lasting until the Age of Enlightenment 20. Cunning Folk: members of village societies who were regarded as having healing powers and who possessed magical powers that they used for good or ill 21. Matthew Hopkins: seventeenth-century English witch-hunter who urged that suspected witches be bound hand and foot and tossed in a pond (innocent would sink and drown, guilty would float) 22. Galileo: He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies. 23. Copernicus: 1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. 24. Royal Society: an honorary English society (formalized in 1660 and given a Royal Charter by Charles II in 1662) through which the British government has supported science 25. Leviathan: Something very large; giant sea creature in the Bible 26. Sun king: A nickname for Louis xiv that captures the magnificence of his court and of the Palace of Versailles, which he built. Louis himself adopted the sun as his emblem. 27. Bill of rights: First 10 amendments to the Constitution 28. John Locke: 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. 29. Voltaire: (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. 30. Encyclopedia (Diderot): A compendium of all human knowledge to be at your quick access. The first one was 28 volumes and focused on philosophy and science. 31. Gin Lane: William Hogarth's painting; gin-hard times, beer-happy, good times; people not fit to handle the stress of the Industrial Revolution 32. "Turnip" Townshend: Charles Townshend was an enthusiastic advocate of growing turnips as a field crop for livestock feed. As a result of his promotion of turnip-growing and his agricultural experiments at Raynham, he became known as the... 33. Rousseau's Confessions: an autobiographical book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In the modern era, it is often published with the title The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in order to distinguish it from Saint Augustine's Confessions. Covering the first fifty-three years of Rousseau's life, up to 1765, it was completed in 1769, but not published until 1782, four years after Rousseau's death, even though Rousseau did read excerpts of his manuscript publicly at various salons and other meeting places. 34. John Wilkes: n English radical journalist and politician, as well as a magistrate, essayist and soldier. He was first elected a Member of Parliament in 1757. In the Middlesex election dispute, he fought for the right of his voters - rather than the House of Commons - to determine their representatives. In 1768, angry protests of his supporters were suppressed in the Massacre of St George's Fields. In 1771, he was instrumental in obliging the government to concede the right of printers to publish verbatim accounts of parliamentary debates. In 1776, he introduced the first bill for parliamentary reform in the British Parliament 35. Diamond Necklace Affair: Marie Antoinette wanted an expensive diamond necklace and Louis XVI decided to buy it but increased debt because he borrowed money from other countries. 36. Madame du Barry: title given to Jean Beau, who was Louis XV's wild, beautiful mistress; humble origins; probably an ex-prostitute; given title so French people won't hate her so much..didn't rly work 37. "What is the Third Estate?": is an influential political pamphlet published in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French writer and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748-1836). Written during the Assembly of Notables between 6 November and 12 December 1788, it was sent to the printer by 27 December 1788 for publication in the early days of 1789. There were eventually four editions of the text; initially published anonymously as a 127 page pamphlet, Sieyès revealed himself as the author after its third edition in May 1789. 38. Festival of the Supreme Being: Robespierre's attempt to make a secular holiday. At the height of the festivities, Robespierre ascends from a paper mache mountain dressed in white robes reflecting that he has lost his touch with reality 39. Sans-Culottes: In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages 40. Napoleonic Code: This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy 41. Dos de Mayo Uprising: The event was sparked when Napoleon meddled with the royal family of Spain in 1808. The populace of Madrid rose in rebellion, but was quickly repressed by the french. The aftermath was immortalized by Francisco de Goya in a painting at the end of the war. It lead to a growth in Spanish Nationalism 42. Battle of Trafalgar: an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.