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What are the basic structural and functional unit of all living things
cells
the activity of an organism depends on…
the activity of its cells
the principle of complementarity states that;
cells are dictated by their structure which determines their function
cells are composed of
carbon, hydrogren, oxygen, nitrogen
how much water do living cells contain
60%
what makes up the entire cell membrane
a phospholipid bilayer
the polar heads in the phospholipid bilayer are
hydrophilic
the non polar tails in the phospholipid bilayer are
hydrophobic
the cell membrane contains proteins called
transmembrane proteins
what do transport channels do
allow things to move in and out of the cell
the cell membrane contains a meshwork, what is this made from
filaments of cytoskeleton
what is the purpose of the filaments of cytoskeleton that make up the meshwork in the cell membrane
supports the cell membrane and allows the cell to bend and change shape
the transmembrane proteins have sugar groups that stick off, what are these for
identification purposes
what are the types of cell junctions
tight, gap and desmosomes
what are tight cell junctions
leak proof and prevents substances from passing through
what are gap cell junctions
cylinder shaped proteins that allows molecules to pass through
what do gap junctions aid in
cell to cell communication
what are desmosomes
anchors that protect cells and prevent them from being pulled apart
what is the cytoplasm
contains a fluid called cytosol
what is the mitochondria
the powerhouse of the cell
the mitochondria is the site for
aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis
what do ribosomes do
the site of protein synthesis
what does the rough ER do
form the building materials of the cell membrane, abundant in cells that make and export proteins
what does the smooth ER do
the site of lipid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification
what does the golgi apparatus do
packages, modifies and seperates proteins to be secreted from the cell or incorporated into the plasma membrane
what are peroxisomes
enzymes that detoxify toxic substances
what does the enzyme catalase do
breaks down hydrogen peroxide
what do lysosomes do
the sites of intracellular digestion
what do microtubules do
supports the cell and gives it shape, involvement in intracellular and extracellular movement, forms centrioles, cilia and flagella
what do microfilaments do
helps to form the cytoskeleton of the cell and microvilli
what are intermediate filaments
an element of the cytoskeleton
what do intermediate filaments do
resists the mechanical forces that act upon the cell
what do centrioles do
forms the bases of cilia and flagella
what does the nucleus do
transmits genetic information and provides instructions for protein synthesis
what does the nuclear envelope do
regulates the passage of substances to and from the nucleus
what does the nucleolus do
the site of ribosome subunit manufacturing
what do chromatin do
carry the instructions for building proteins
what do fibroblasts do
generate collagen
what is the common name for erythrocytes
red blood cells
why are red blood cells biconcave
to increase surface area for gas exchange
what do epithelial cells do
cover and line body organs
what is skeletal muscle
muscle tissue that works with bones to provide movement
what does smooth muscle do
lines the intestines
what do fat cells do
storage of energy
what do macrophages do
eats other bacteria
what do nerve cells do
gathers information and controls body functions
the cells of reproduction are
sperm cells and egg cells
cell responsibilities include
Metabolize, digest food, disposal of waste, reproduction, growth, movement, response to stimuli
what makes up the intracellular fluid
nucleoplasm and cytosol
what is in intracellular fluid
gases, nutrients and salts
what is in the extracellular fluid
nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts and waste products
what kind of environment do cells always want to be in
isotonic
nutrients can cross the plasma membrane, as long as they are either…
lipid soluble
a small solute
oxygen
carbon dioxide
what is passive transport
substances are transported across the membrane without the use of ATP
what is simple diffusion
the substance is able to slip through the cell without assistance
what is osmosis
water crosses the cell membrane
what are the channels called that water uses during osmosis
aquaporins
what is facilitated diffusion
specific channels allow substances to cross the membrane.
what is filtration
a passive process where water and solutes are forced through the membrane due to pressure
what is active transport
the cell provides ATP to allow substances to cross the membrane
what side of the cell is the sodium potassium pump always open
inside
how many sodium enters the Na/K pump
3
when 3 sodium enters the Na/K pump, what happens
the phosphorus breaks off the ATP
how many potassium enter the Na/K pump
2
Molecules want to move from an area of ________ concentration to _______ concentration
high to low
molecules want to move ___________ the concentration gradient
Down
what is pinocytosis
water is brought into the cell
what is phagocytosis
solid material is brought into the cell by the cell indenting and wrapping around the substance it wants to bring in
what is receptor mediated phagocytosis
solid material is brought into the cell by the cell indenting and wrapping around the substance it wants. the vesicles have receptors for specfic substances
what are the 2 stages of protein synthesis
transcription and translation
what is transcription
the bases in a DNA gene are transferred into a complementary sequence of mRNA
what is translation
the language of nucleic acids is translated into an amino acid sequence
where does translation occur
in the cytoplasm
what are the steps of translation
the mRNA attaches to the ribosome
tRNA transfers the amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together by peptide bonds
the ribosome moves the mRNA strand and puts the amino acids in the proper positions
the protein folds into the proper structure
what are the function(s) of epithelial tissues
covers and lines body surfaces
what is the free surface on epithelial tissues called
the apical surface
what is the function of the basement membrane on epithelial tissues
holds the tissue in place like glue
what type of epithelium is a single layer of flat cells
simple squamous
what is simple squamous epithelium important for
diffusion, filtration and secretion
what type of epithelium is multiple layers of flat cells
stratified squamous
what is stratified squamous epithelium important for
protection
what is transitional epithelium
a type of stratified squamous epithelium that stretches and is able to return back to its original shape
where is transitional epithelium found
in the bladder
what kind of epithelium is one layer of cube shaped cells
simple cuboidal
what is simple cuboidal epithelium important for
secretion and absorption
what kind of epithelium is multiple layers of cube shaped cells
stratified cuboidal
what type of epithelium is rare in humans
stratified cuboidal
what is stratified cuboidal epithelium important for
protection
what kind of epithelium is a single layer of elongated cells
simple columnar
what is simple columnar epithelium important for
secretion and absorption
what kind of epithelium is multiple layers of elongated cells
stratified columnar
what kind of epithelium is only found in glands
glandular epithelium
what kind of glands have no ducts
exocrine glands
what kind of glands have ducts
endocrine glands
what is the most common type of connective tissue
collagen
what is the function of connective tissue
connects body parts, protects, supports, cushions and insulates
connective tissue contains:
extracellular matrix
what is the extracellular matrix made of
ground substance and fibers
what is ground substance
water with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
the more polysaccharide molecules you have…
the more water you absorb
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