Bio Intro/Unit 1

levels or organization

atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism-population-community-ecosystem-biosphere

level one and def.

atom-non-living, building blocks of all substances

level 2 and def.

molecule-non-living, 2 or more atoms together/bonded

level 3 and def.

cell-smallest unit of life

level 4 and def.

tissue-cells organized to serve a collective function

level 5 and def.

organ-2 or more tissues that work together to serve a function

level 6 and def.

organ system-set of organs that work together to keep a body working

level 7 and def.

organism-an individual of one or cell

level 8 and def.

population-group of individuals of the same species in an area

level 9 and def.

community-all populations of all species in an area

level 10 and def.

ecosystem-a community plus its physical enviroment

level 11 and def.

biosphere-all regions of earth where organisms live

proton do what

determine type of atom (their no.)

neutron do what

atoms of same ele. can have dif. no. of neutrons (isotopes)

electrons do what

determines how atom bonds and reacts

amu =

atomic mass unit

what is the charge of most atoms

neutral porque they have the same number of pro and ele

if no. of pro and ele is unequal

ion

neg charge ion is called

anion

pos charged ion is called

cation

what is an ele.

pure substance made of atoms (all have same no. of p)

what is atomic no.

no. of p an atom has

mass no. is what

no. of n and p in an atom

what are isotopes named by

mass no.

bio is

the study of life (past and present)

how is life “defined”

complex, life emerges from interactions of simple parts

3 features of living things

requirement for ener and nutrients

homeostasis

use of dna as hereditary mat.

requirement for energy and nutrients

ongoing inputs of ener and nutrients sustain life

homeostasis

maintaining a stable internal enviroment

use of dna as hereditary mat

dna is passed to offspring during reproduction

what is a nutrient

substance an organism needs for growth and survival but cannot make itself

what are the 6 nutrients we need but can’t make

protein-mineral-carbohydrates-water-vitamins-fats

what nutrient can our body make

vitiman d w/ sunlight

2 categories of living things

consumers and producers

consumers

organisms that get ener and nutr by feeding on other organisms

producers

organ. make their own food using ener and mat in their enviroment (photo…)

growth

increase in no size and volume of cells

development

process by which first cell of a new organism becomes adult

reproduction

process by which parents produce offspring (sexual and asexual)

inheritance

transmission of dna to offspring

orbitals

spaces outside the nucleus

what fills orbitals

e

which orbital is filled 1st

the ones closest to the nucleus

if an e is further from the nuc it

has more energy

what do atoms want

to be stable/ want each level to be filled or empty

what do atoms do when a level isn’t full

they try to fill or empty it (chem reactivty)

level 1 and 2 max e

2 and 8

chemical bond

attractive force bet. 2 atoms

what is chemical bond due to

interactions bet. their e

electronegativity

measure of the ability of an atom to pull e away from other atoms

polarity

sep. of charges into + or - regions

what is polarity caused by

unequal sharing of e in a bond

types of chemical bonds

ionic and colvalent

what is an ionic bond

strong mutual attraction bet. ions of oppo. charges - each ion retains its own charge - ALWAYS POLAR

what is a colvalent bond

sharing of e between atoms - polar or non-polar (dependent upon eletronegativity of atoms in bond)

why is water polar

O is greedy and doesn’t want e shared equally

what r bonds shown as in a drawing

lines bet letter - no. of lines=no. of bonds - each line 2 es

solute

sub. dissolved in other sub.

solvent

sub. used to dissolve solute

what do acids release when dissolved

H^+

What do bases do

accept H^+ and release OH^-

what is the pH scale

used to measure how acidic or basic a substance is

about pH scale

0-14 - 0 Acid 14 Base

water is 7 and neutral

ex of acid

lemon-vinegar-wine

ex of base

bleach-soap-milk of magnesia

how many polar covalent bonds does water have per molecule

2

in water how are the charges separated

O is partially pos and H are partially neg

what does the separation of charges lead to

attraction bet water molecules

what are the attractions bet water molecules called

hydrogen bonds

what is a hydrogen bond

attraction bet a covalently bonded h atom and another atom taking part in a polar covalent bond

how strong i an h bond

5% of the strength of a covalent - individually weak collectively strong

what do h bonds do

stabilize DNA and proteins and give water its important prop

list the prop of water

good solvent - has cohesion and adhesion - high surface tension - less dense as a solid - high specific heat - high heat of evaporation

good solvent

dissolves anything polar or ionic

molecules that like water are called

hydrophilic

molecules that do not like water

hydrophobic

has cohesion and adhesion

cohesion - waters sticks to self

adhesion - water sticks to other molecules

high surface tension

due to waters high cohesion, makes surface resistant to rupture when placed under stress

less dense as a solid

most substances are more dense as solids than liquid but water is the opp. because its molecules are more spread out when frozen

high specific heat

takes more energy to increase waters temp compared to other liquids

high heat of evaporation

takes lots of energy to make water evaporate - used by animals to cool down