period 2 13 colonies kill me

Which colonies made up New England

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire

Which colonies made up the Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Which colonies made up the Chesapeake region

Virginia, Maryland

Which colonies made up the Southern Colonies

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

What was New England’s geography like

Dense forests, rocky soil, short growing season

How did New England’s geography influence its economy

Poor soil meant limited farming; reliance on fishing, shipbuilding, lumber, and trade

Why did New Englanders live near the coast

Access to the Atlantic Ocean encouraged fishing, whaling, and trade

How did the long winters affect New England’s society

Discouraged spread of disease but limited agricultural development

What was the geography of the Middle Colonies like

Fertile soil, plains, valleys, rivers, moderate climate

Why were the Middle Colonies called the “breadbasket colonies”

They produced large amounts of wheat, corn, and grain

How did rivers impact the Middle Colonies’ economy

Rivers such as the Hudson and Delaware allowed for trade and transport

What was Chesapeake geography like

Rich soil, long growing season, rivers and bays that supported tobacco plantations

Why was Chesapeake geography ideal for tobacco

Warm climate and fertile soil created conditions for large-scale tobacco growth

How did geography encourage a plantation economy in Chesapeake

Large tracts of land and access to waterways supported big plantations exporting cash crops

What was the geography of the Southern Colonies like

Fertile land, long growing season, hot/humid climate

What crops thrived in the Southern Colonies

Rice, indigo, tobacco

How did the geography of the Southern Colonies shape labor systems

Large plantations required enslaved African labor to sustain the economy

Why were New England colonies founded

Primarily for religious freedom (Puritans, Pilgrims)

What was the Mayflower Compact

A 1620 agreement establishing self-government by the Pilgrims in Massachusetts

How was government structured in New England

Town meetings, self-governance, influenced by Puritan beliefs

Which colony in New England was founded for religious dissenters

Rhode Island (Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson)

Why were the Middle Colonies founded

For both economic opportunity and religious freedom

Who founded Pennsylvania

William Penn, a Quaker, in 1681

How was government structured in the Middle Colonies

Proprietary colonies with representative assemblies

What role did New York play in colonial government

Originally a Dutch colony (New Amsterdam) taken by England in 1664, governed by a royal charter

What was the first permanent English settlement in America

Jamestown, Virginia (1607)

What was Virginia’s early government structure

House of Burgesses (1619), the first representative assembly in the colonies

Why was Maryland founded

As a haven for English Catholics (Lord Baltimore, 1632)

What law in Maryland granted religious toleration to all Christians

Maryland Toleration Act (1649)

When was Georgia founded and why

1732 by James Oglethorpe, as a buffer colony against Spanish Florida and as a haven for debtors

What was the role of the Carolinas in early America

Large plantations producing rice and indigo, reliant on enslaved labor

How were Southern colonies governed

Royal/proprietary colonies with governors appointed by England and elite planter assemblies

What was New England’s main economy

Shipbuilding, fishing, lumber, whaling, small-scale farming, trade

What was the Middle Colonies’ main economy

“Breadbasket” colonies, farming grain, livestock, trade in ports like New York and Philadelphia

What was the Chesapeake economy based on

Tobacco plantations, indentured servants, and later enslaved Africans

What was the Southern Colonies’ main economy

Rice, indigo, tobacco, naval stores, large plantations dependent on slavery

How did mercantilism affect the colonies

Colonies supplied raw materials and served as markets for English manufactured goods

What was the Navigation Acts

English laws restricting colonial trade to benefit England’s mercantilist system

What religion dominated New England

Puritanism (strict Protestant faith)

How did Puritan beliefs influence New England society

Emphasis on literacy to read the Bible, close-knit religious communities, town meetings

Which colony promoted religious toleration in New England

Rhode Island, founded by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson for dissenters

What religion dominated the Middle Colonies

Religious diversity: Quakers, Catholics, Lutherans, Jews, and others

Why was Pennsylvania unique in religion

Quakers promoted tolerance, pacifism, and equality

What religion was prominent in Maryland

Catholicism (founded as a Catholic haven, but majority Protestant settlers led to conflict)

What religious law was passed in Maryland

Maryland Toleration Act of 1649, allowing freedom for all Christians

What role did the Anglican Church play in the South

Anglican Church was established in Virginia and the Carolinas, but many settlers were not devout

How did geography affect religion in the South

Plantations spread far apart, making organized religion weaker than in New England

What was the dominant social structure in New England

Small towns, family-centered communities, relatively equal land distribution

What was the social structure of the Middle Colonies

Diverse population of Europeans, relatively equal society compared to South

What was the social structure of the Chesapeake

Planter elite dominated politics and wealth; indentured servants and enslaved Africans at bottom

What was the social structure of the Southern Colonies

Wealthy planters at top, small farmers in middle, enslaved Africans as majority of population in some colonies

What role did education play in New England

Puritans emphasized literacy for Bible reading; first public schools established here

What role did education play in the South

Wealthy planters hired tutors; little formal education for poor whites or enslaved Africans

What role did women play in colonial society

Women managed households, raised children, some worked in farms/shops; limited legal rights

What role did Native Americans play in New England

Initially trade partners, later conflict (Pequot War, King Philip’s War)

What role did Native Americans play in the Chesapeake

Initially helped Jamestown survive, but later conflicts (Powhatan Wars, Bacon’s Rebellion)

What role did Native Americans play in the South

Conflict over land as plantations expanded, alliances with English or Spanish depending on region

What was King Philip’s War

A 1675–1676 conflict between New England colonists and Native Americans led by Metacom (King Philip); devastated Native presence in New England

What was Bacon’s Rebellion

A 1676 revolt in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley over Native policy and planter dominance; exposed tensions between poor settlers and elites

Who was John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, called it a “city upon a hill” to serve as a model Christian society

Who was Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island, promoted separation of church and state and religious toleration

Who was Anne Hutchinson

Religious dissenter banished from Massachusetts for challenging Puritan leaders; helped found Rhode Island

Who was William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania, Quaker, promoted religious freedom and good relations with Native Americans

Who was Lord Baltimore

Founded Maryland as a haven for Catholics

Who was James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia, envisioned it as a haven for debtors and a buffer against Spanish Florida

What were indentured servants

Poor English workers who exchanged labor for passage to the colonies; common in Chesapeake before slavery expanded

Why did slavery replace indentured servitude in the South

Bacon’s Rebellion, declining supply of indentured servants, and profitability of enslaved labor in plantations

What was the Middle Passage

Brutal transatlantic voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas

What was the Triangular Trade

Trade system between Africa, the Americas, and Europe involving slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods

What was the Pequot War

1636–1638 conflict in New England between colonists and the Pequot tribe, ended with near destruction of the Pequots

What was the Dominion of New England

1686–1689 attempt by King James II to centralize control over New England colonies; collapsed after the Glorious Revolution

What was the Glorious Revolution’s impact on colonies

Strengthened belief in self-government, Massachusetts gained new charter with royal governor but also more rights

What was salutary neglect

England’s policy of loosely enforcing trade laws as long as colonies remained loyal and profitable

What was the Great Awakening

1730s–1740s religious revival emphasizing personal faith, emotional sermons, and challenging established churches

Who was Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the Great Awakening, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

Who was George Whitefield

Traveling preacher of the Great Awakening, spread revival across colonies

What was the impact of the Great Awakening

Increased religious diversity, growth of new denominations, encouraged questioning of authority

How did the Enlightenment influence colonies

Emphasized reason, science, natural rights; influenced leaders like Benjamin Franklin and later American Revolution ideas

Who was John Locke

English philosopher who promoted natural rights (life, liberty, property) and social contract theory

What was the Zenger Trial

1735 trial of John Peter Zenger, established principle of freedom of the press

What was the Stono Rebellion

1739 slave rebellion in South Carolina; largest slave revolt in colonies before Revolution

What was the impact of the Stono Rebellion

Harsher slave codes and restrictions on enslaved Africans

How did colonial economies differ

New England focused on trade/shipbuilding, Middle grew grain, Chesapeake grew tobacco, South grew rice/indigo

What cash crop dominated the Chesapeake

Tobacco

What cash crops dominated the Southern Colonies

Rice and indigo

What was New England’s role in the Triangular Trade

Shipped rum and manufactured goods to Africa, imported molasses and sugar from Caribbean

Why were ports like New York, Philadelphia, and Boston important

Major centers of trade, finance, and immigration

How did geography shape disease patterns in colonies

New England’s cold climate limited disease, while Chesapeake and South’s hot/humid climate encouraged malaria and other illnesses

What role did disease play in labor supply

High mortality in Chesapeake made indentured servitude less viable, increased reliance on African slavery

What was the Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan policy allowing partial church membership to increase participation in New England churches

What was the Salem Witch Trials

1692 hysteria in Massachusetts where several people were executed for alleged witchcraft; reflected social/religious tensions

What was the headright system

Policy granting land to settlers (50 acres per person) to encourage immigration to Chesapeake

How did primogeniture affect colonization

English custom of eldest sons inheriting estates pushed younger sons to seek wealth in colonies

Why did colonists resist the Dominion of New England

Resented loss of self-government and strict royal control under Governor Edmund Andros

What was the difference between proprietary and royal colonies

Proprietary colonies granted to individuals by the king, royal colonies directly controlled by the crown

How did colonial assemblies gain power

Controlled taxation and spending, clashed with royal governors

What was the primary motivation for settlement in New England

Religious freedom and building a godly community

What was the primary motivation for settlement in the Chesapeake

Economic gain through cash crops like tobacco

What was the primary motivation for settlement in the Southern Colonies

Profit from plantation agriculture, land speculation, and strategic defense (Georgia)

What was the primary motivation for settlement in the Middle Colonies

Religious toleration and economic opportunity