Biology 105- exam 1

How does biology compare with other fields of science?

Biology is a point of convergence for the information and tools from all other natural sciences

In order to maintain an organized body structure, all organisms need an input of what?

energy

Biology is defined as the scientific study of which of the following?

life

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?

all organisms are multicellular and grow by producing new cells

All organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment through which of the following processes?

homeostasis

the study of _____ is a point of convergence for the information and tools from all other natural sciences

biology

what is the source of energy that maintains most biological systems on Earth?

the sun

An _______ which is the basic unit of life, is surrounded by a membrane and contains macromolecules, often organized into organelles.

cell

_____ is the scientific study of living things

biology

which of the following organisms are unicellular?

bacteria

What are the characteristics of all living things (used by scientists to define life)?

• Capable of growth and reproduction

• Possess hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring

• respond to stimuli

The process of _____ maintains the correct body temperature and blood glucose levels in humans.

homeostasis

When scientists apply general principles to predict specific results, they are using ____ reasoning

deductive

How does biology compare with other fields of science?

biology is a point of convergence for the information and tools from all other natural sciences

A scientist observes 10 animal cells, 10 plant cells, 10 fungal cells, and 10 bacterial cells and determines they all possess ribosomes. Based on that, the scientist constructs a hypothesis that all cells have ribosomes. This is an example of _______

inductive reasoning

which of the following is the basic unit of life?

cell

An _____ is a tentative explanation that accounts for one or more observations

hypothesis

What groups contain multicellular organisms?

• fungi

• plants

• animals

What are true statements regarding to living things?

• all living things take in energy and use it to perform work

• all living things maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment

• all living things are made of one or more cells

Which of the following uses general principles to predict specific results

deductive reasoning

typically, scientists perform experiments to _____

test hypothesis

when a scientist uses many specific observations to construct a general scientific principle, the scientist is using ____ reasoning

inductive

In biology, a theory is best described as which of the following?

a general principle that is supported by a vast amount of data

What are the features of a hypothesis

• a hypothesis may or may not be true

• even when then fit know facts, hypothesis can always be rejected in the future when new information becomes available

Which of the following organisms are unicellular?

bacteria

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?

all organisms are multicellular and grow by producing new cells

In order to test hypotheses, scientists design and perform ____

experiments

Information from basic scientific research provides the knowledge necessary for _______ research. This type of research is often carried out in industry

applied

in science, an ____ consists of many interconnected concepts that are supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence, and explain the facts in a particular field of study.

theory

what is a hypothesis

a suggested explanation

if two molecules isolated from different organisms have very similar structures, the most reasonable hypothesis is which of the following?

the molecules perform similar functions

What are multicellular organisms?

• plants

• animals

• fungi

in order to assemble complex structures from simpler subunits, living organisms need a constant supply of which of the following?

energy

What are the characteristics of all living things (used by scientists)

• possess hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring

• Respond to stimuli

• capable of growth and reproduction

______ research, generally performed by scientists at colleges and universities, extends the boundaries of what we know

basic

in biology, a theory is best described as what?

a general principle that is supported by a vast amount of data

One way in which living things can encode information is through the sequence of nucleotides in ______

DNA

A biologist finds out that the fruit fly, Drosophila, makes a protein in its eyes that has a very similar structure when compared to a human protein that was just discovered in the newly sequenced human genome. The biologists concludes that the human protein might be important for the proper development and working of the human eye. Which unifying theme in biology is illustrated in this example?

There is a fundamental relationship between structure and function in all biological systems

What is required by ALL organisms in order to maintain their non-equilibrium stable state?

a constant supply of energy

the genome of a cell is the collection of all its _____

DNA

What are the true statements regarding living things?

• all living things are made of one or more cells

• all living things take in energy and use it to perform work

• all living things maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment

in order to synthesize its molecular components, a cell must use the information stored in its ______

DNA

Information gleaned from basic scientific research provides the scientific knowledge that is necessary for _____ research. This type of research is often carried out in industry.

applied

genes, which are the molecular units of heredity, are composed of specific sequences of four different ______ found in DNA

nucleotides

If two molecules isolated from different organisms have very similar structures, the MOST REASONABLE hypothesis is which of the following?

the molecules perform similar functions

In order to maintain homeostasis, living things must collect information about _______

both the internal and external environment

the collection of all genetic material (the DNA) in a cell or organism is called the ______

genome

generally speaking, an atom is made of a central _____ which is surrounded by orbiting ____

nucleus; electrons

the information stored in ____ molecules is used to direct the synthesis of cellular components

DNA

_____ research, generally performed by scientists at colleges and universities, extends the boundaries of what we know

basic

one way in which living things can encode information is through the sequence of nucleotides in ______

DNA

Subatomic particles called _____ can be found at various distances from the nucleus

electrons

Cells have different means of acquiring information about their environment, and respond to this information using specialized _____ _______ systems that can change cell morphology, behavior, or physiology

signal; transduction

an atom is composed of a central nucleus which is surrounded by which orbiting particles?

electrons

the three main types of subatomic particles are ______, _______, and _____

protons, neutrons, and electrons

in order to synthesize its molecular components, a cell must use the information stored in its _____

DNA

information gleaned from basic scientific research provides the scientific knowledge that is necessary for ______ research. This type of research is often carried out in industry

applied

isotopes differ in the number of ____ they contain

neutrons

what subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom

protons and neutrons

the chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the number and configuration of its _____

electrons

in order to maintain homeostasis, living things must collect information about _____

both the internal and external environment

The term _____ is used to designate the process of an atom losing one or more electrons while undergoing a chemical reaction

oxidation

What are the subatomic particles

• protons

• neutrons

• electrons

Chemical reactions that involve a transfer of electrons from one atom to another are called _______ reactions

redox

How is the information stored in DNA used by a cell?

Direct the synthesis of cellular components

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in the number of what?

neutrons

Where are the valence electrons of an atom found?

in the outermost energy level only

The number and configuration of electrons determines an element’s ____

chemical properties

What describes atoms that have unfilled electron shells?

• They can form bonds with other atoms

• They are chemically reactive

• They can form chemical compounds

An atom participating in a chemical reaction gains one or more electrons. The process of gaining electrons in a reaction is called _____

reductions

Redox reactions involve a transfer of _____ from one atom to another

electrons

The information stored in ______ molecules is used to direct the synthesis of cellular components.

DNA

This question refers to elements in the main groups of the periodic table. According to the octet rule, if an atom’s first energy level is the outermost shell then it is stable with _____ electrons and if an atom has any other energy level as its outermost shell then it is stable with ____ electrons.

2; 8

electrons in outer, unfilled energy levels are know as ____ electrons

valence

an element have five electrons in its outer shell. As such, it needs how many electrons to fill its outer energy levels.

3

The term _____ is used to designate the process of an atom losing one or more electrons while undergoing a chemical reaction

oxidation

Chemical reactions that involve a transfer of electrons from one atom to another are called _____ reactions

redox

A group of atoms help together by chemical bonds in a stable association is called which of the following?

molecule

Atoms are CHEMICALLY the most stable when which of the following occurs?

Their outer shell is full

Covalent bond-

sharing of electrons

Ionic bond-

Attraction between oppositely charged atoms

Hydrogen bond

attraction between a covalently bound H atom with a slightly positive charge and another covalently bound atom with a slight negative charge

Hydrophobic bond

non-polar regions of a molecule are forced together in order to minimize contact with water molecules

Van der Waals attraction

weak attraction between atoms due to oppositely polarized electron clouds

valence electrons and their interactions determine the _____ properties of an element

chemical

Rank the types of bonds from strongest to weakest:

• covalent bonds

• hydrogen bonds

• hydrophobic interaction

• van der waals attraction

elements possessing all eight electrons (two for helium) in their outer energy level are-

• noble gases

• inert

an atom participating in a chemical reaction gains one or more electrons. The process of gaining electrons in a reaction is called _____

reduction

in a non-polar covalent bond, one or more pairs of ____ are equally shared.

electrons

an ______ is made of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds in a stable association. The atoms may or may not belong to the same element

molecule

if a molecule has unequal distribution of charge, resulting in regions of partial negative charge near some atoms, and regions of partial positive charge near other atoms, the molecule is ______

polar

What bond involves the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons?

a covalent bond

What is the weakest bond/interaction?

hydrophobic interaction

An element has five electrons in its outer shell. As such, it needs how many electrons to fill its outer energy level?

3

What molecules are non-polar?

• N2

• O2

• CH4

An _____ covalent bond involves an EQUAL sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.

non-polar

which bond is formed by an UNEQUAL sharing of one or more electron pairs

polar covalent

What are the true statements regarding non-polar molecules

• the distribution of electrical charge within a molecule is uniform

• they are electrically neutral

if two atoms are joined by a polar covalent bond, the shared electrons will tend to stay closer to the atom with _____

higher electronegativity

covalent bonds-

sharing of electrons