INTRO TO PSYCHOPATHY exam 1

Four D’s of abnormality

Deviance, distress, dysfunction, dangerousness

Continuum model of abnormality

Abnormality is a spectrum rather than behavior being labeled abnormal or not abnormal

Supernatural (historical conception of abnormal)

The divine, demons, anf sin is responsible for abnormal behavior

Biological (historical conception of abnormal)

Genetic factors and biology are responsible for abnormal behavior

Psychological (historical conception of abnormal)

Adaptive, psychological processes and negative life events are responsible for abnormal behavior

Hypocrites and Galen

Identified the four humors of the brain and linked abnormality to the brain

Grissinger

Brain pathology and chemical imbalances lead to mental disorder

Kraepelin

First to classify disorders by distinct symptoms

Dorothea Dix

Advocated for Proper treatment of psychiatric patients

Freud

Hypothesized psychoanalytic theory, mental disorders are linked to subconscious drives and childhood experiences

Superego

Conscious driven by morals

Ego

Logic and rationing driven by reality principle

Id

Emotions, irrationally, illogicalness driven by pleasure principle

Defense mechanisms

Suppression repression, regression reaction formation, rationalization, projection, intellectualization, displacement, denial, and sublimation

Humanistic theory

People are inherently good and strive for self actualization on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Abnormal behavior comes from a block to self actualization.

Carl Rogers

Humanistic theory, person centered therapy

Classical conditioning

Person associates to stimuli (Pavlovs dog)

Operant conditioning

Learning through consequences (punishment and reward)

Bandura

Negative self efficiency can impair functioning

Multifinality

From similar starting points, there are highly divergent and points

Equifinality

From different starting points similar and points can be reached

Dopamine (neurotransmitter)

Reward, motivation, movement, attention

Serotonin (neurotransmitter)

Mood, sleep, and appetite

GABA (neurotransmitter)

Calming and inhibitory effects, reduces neural activity

Norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)

Alertness, attention, stress response

Glutamate (neurotransmitter)

Learning and memory; excitatory

Acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)

Muscle movement, learning, memory

Endorphins (neurotransmitter)

Pain reduction and pleasure

Active gene environment correlation

genes impact an individual to select a certain environment

Passive gene environment correlation

genes impact a parent which then facilitates a certain environment which then impacts the individual

Evocative gene environment correlation

certain environments evoke certain responses from an individual

Stress diathesis model

stress (environment) and diathesis (genetic predisposition) —> meeting/not meeting threshold for condition

Epigenetics

how environment impacts gene expression

classical conditioning

conditioning a relationship between two stimuli

operant conditioning

conditioning using reinforcement and punishment