European Union

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7 Terms

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treaty of Rome 1957

established the European Economic Community which was the foundation of todays European union

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European commission (and Eurocrats)

the executive branch of the EU. It proposes new legislation, enforces EU laws, manages the EU budget, and represents the EU internationally on many issues.

Eurocrats- refers to career civil servants or bureaucrats working for EU institutions, especially the Commission. It can be neutral or slightly critical (implying “bureaucratic technocrats”).

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Council of the European Union

  • Definition: The Council of the EU represents the governments of the member states.

  • Role: It works with the European Parliament to pass laws and coordinate policies.

  • Composition: National ministers (e.g., foreign, finance, agriculture) meet depending on the topic being discussed.

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European council 

  • Definition: sets the overall political direction and priorities of the EU.

  • Composition: Made up of heads of state or government (e.g., presidents, prime ministers) from each member country, plus the President of the European Council and the President of the Commission.

  • Role: It does not make laws but gives strategic guidance — e.g., deciding on enlargement, foreign policy, or major crises.

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European Parliament 

  • is the directly elected legislative body of the EU.

  • Composition: Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are elected by citizens of EU countries every five years.

  • Role: Shares legislative and budgetary powers with the Council of the EU, and supervises other EU institutions (especially the Commission).

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European Court of Justice

  • The European Court of Justice ensures that EU law is interpreted and applied consistently across member states.

  • Role: It can overrule national laws that conflict with EU law and settles legal disputes between EU institutions, member states, and individuals.

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European court of human rights

  • not an EU institution — it belongs to the Council of Europe, a separate organization founded in 1949.

  • Role: Enforces the European Convention on Human Rights, protecting civil and political rights

  • Jurisdiction: Covers 46 member states — more than the EU — including countries like the UK and Turkey.