A&P Lab Test 1

superior

toward the head or upper part of the body

inferior

toward the feet or lower part of the body

cranial

toward the skull or head

caudal

toward the tail end of the body (coccyx)

anterior

toward the front of the body

posterior

toward the back of the body

dorsal

toward the back of the body; synonymous with posterior

ventral

toward the front of the body; synonymous with anterior

medial

towards the body’s midline

lateral

away from the body’s midline

intermediate

between a more medial structure and a more lateral structure

proximal

closer to the trunk or to the point where a limb attaches/begins

distal

farther from the trunk or point of origin/attachment

superficial

closer to or at the body surface

deep

farther from the body surface

external

toward or on the outside of an organ, cavity, or body structure

internal

toward or on the inside of an organ, cavity, or body structure

ipsilateral

located on the same side of the body

contralateral

located on opposite sides of the body

Sutural Bones

small, flat, irregularly shaped bones found within the sutures

Sutural bones examples

small accessory bones in the lambed suture between the occipital and parietal bones of the skull

Flat Bones

thin, flattened bones that are often slightly curved rather than completely flat

Flat bones examples

cranial bones of the skull, ribs, sternum, and scapulae

Long bones

longer in length than they are wide

Long bones examples

femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Short bones

roughly cube shaped with length, width, and thickness that are approximately equal

Short bones examples

carpals of the wrist and tarsals of the ankle

Irregular bones

have complex shapes, often have projections, ridges, openings, or unusual contours

Irregular bone examples

vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, many facial bones

Sesamoid bones

small, rounded or oval bones, protecting tendons from pressure, compression, and wear

Sesamoid bones examples

the patella, pisiform in the wrist, and small sesamoid bones in the hands and feet

Axial Skeleton (80 bones)

Skull, Auditory ossicles, hyoid bone in neck, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs and sternum

Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Meatus

A tube like passageway or canal through a bone

The external auditory _____ is the ear canal in the temporal bone of the skull

Sinus

An air-filled hollow space within a bone

The frontal _____ is inside the frontal bone, above the eyes

Foramen

A hole or opening in a bone, usually for nerves or blood vessels

The _____ magnum is the large opening in the occipital bone at the base of the skull where the spinal cord passes.

Fissure

A narrow, slit like opening in or between bones

The Superior Orbital ______ is located in the sphenoid bone, at the back of the eye socket

Groove

A narrow furrow or channel in a bone

The intertubercular _____ is on the upper humerus, between the greater and lesser tubercles

Fossa

A shallow depression, hollow, or basin-like area in a bone

The mandibular _____ is in the temporal bone of the skull and helps form the jaw joint

Facet

A smooth, flat, or slightly curved surface where two bones meet

Superior articular ______ are on vertebrae in the vertebral column

Condyle

A smooth, rounded knob at the end of a bone that forms part of a joint

The occipital _____ are on the bottom of the skull and articulate with the first cervical vertebra

Head

A large, rounded end of a bone that helps form a joint

The _____ of the femur is the ball-like upper end of the thigh bone that fits into the hip socket

Neck

A narrowed region that connects a head to the main part (shaft) of a bone

The _____ of the femur lies just below the head of the femur

Trochlea

A smooth, pulley-shaped joint surface

The _____ of the humerus is at the elbow end of the upper-arm bone and articulates with the ulna

Process

Any noticeable bony projection or outgrowth

The mastoid _____ is a projection of the temporal bone located behind the ear

Tuberosity

A large, roughened bump where muscles or ligaments attach

The tibial _____ is the tough bump on the front of the tibia just below the knee

Tubercle

A small rounded bump, commonly used for attachment

The greater _____ is a projection on the upper humerus near the shoulder

Trochanter

A very large, blunt projection found only on the femur

The greater _____ is on the upper outer side of the femur near the hip

Crest

A prominent, narrow ridge of bone

The iliac _____ is the upper curved ridge of the hip bone

Line

A low, narrow ridge that is less prominent than a crest

The _____ aspera is a long ridge on the posterior surface of the femur

Spine

A sharp, pointed or slender projection

The ischial _____ is a pointed projection on the ischium, part of the hip bone

Ramus

An arm-like or branch-like extension of a bone

The _____ of the mandible is the upright near portion of the lower jaw

Frontal Bone (1)

Anterior side of the skull

Parietal Bones (2)

On the upper & Lateral walls of the skull

Temporal Bones (2)

symmetrical bones on the sides and base of the cranium

occipital bone (1)

forms the lower and back part of the human skull

sphenoid bone (1)

wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones

ethmoid bone (1)

center of the skull that divides the nasal cavity from the brain and helps form the eye sockets

nasal bones (2)

two oblong bone located side by side at the upper middle part of the face that form the hard bridge of the nose

maxilla bones (2)

two paired, pyramidal-shaped bones fused at the midline of the mid face to form the upper jaw

zygomatic bones (1)

a paired irregular bone situated at the upper and lateral part of the face

mandible (1)

the largest, strongest, and only movable bone in the human skull

palatine bones (2)

two paired L-shaped facial bones located at the back of the nasal cavity that help form the hard palate, the nasal cavity, and the floor of the eye sockets

lacrimal bones (1)

the smallest most fragile bone of the face, located at the front part of the medial (inner) wall of each eye socket

vomer (1)

a small, thin plow-shaped facial bone that forms the lower and back part of the nasal septum, separating the left and right nasal cavities

nasal conchae (2)

long, curled shelves of bone that project into breathing passages of the nasal cavity

nasal septum (1)

the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone, along with smaller contributions from the maxilla and palatine bones

supraorbital foramen

a small opening or notch in the frontal bone of the skull, located along the superior margin of the eye socket directly under the eyebrow

infraorbital foramen

a small opening in the maxillary bone of the skull, located just below the lower margin of the eye socket and slightly to the side of the nose

mental foramen

one of two small openings on the front and side of the mandible that allows nerves and blood vessels to reach the chin and lower lip

superior orbital fissure

a narrow, triangular cleft in the skull that connects the eye socket to the middle cranial fossa of the brain

optic canal

a short, funnel-shaped bony passage in the skull that connects the eye socket to the middle cranial fossa inside the brain cavity

external auditory meatus

the tube-like passage that connects the outer ear to the eardrum

mastoid process

a conical, bony prominence located at the base of the skull directly behind and below the ear canal

styloid process

a slender, pointed piece of bone that extends downward and forward from the base of the skull near the ear

occipital condyles

two oval shaped bony bumps on the bottom of the skull’s occipital bone that connect your head to your neck

carotid canal

a bony passage in the skull’s temporal bone that allows the main blood supply to the brain to pass safely from the neck into the head

jugular foramen

a large opening at the base of the skull formed by the temporal and occipital bones that allows major blood vessels and cranial nerves to pass through

foramen magnum

the largest opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord and brainstem connect

coronoid process of the mandible

a thin triangular bony projection extending upward from the front part of the upper jawbone’s ramus

condylar process of the mandible

an upward and backward bony projection on the lower jaw that forms the temporomandibular joint(TMJ) with the skull

mandibular notch

a U-shaped dip on the upper edge of the lower jawbone’s vertical part

mandibular fossa

a deep, oval shaped depression on the temporal bone of the skull that helps form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

alveolar process

the thickened ridge of bone on the upper and lower jaw that contains the sockets holding the roots of the teeth

zygomatic arch

a bony bridge on the side of the skull that forms the prominent contour of the cheek

pterion

a fragile, h-shaped junction on the side of the skull where four cranial bones meet (frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones)

crista galli

a small, triangular bony ridge that projects upward from the middle of the ethmoid bone inside the skull

cribriform plate

a sieve-like, horizontal bony structure belonging to the ethmoid bone that forms the roof of the nasal cavity

sella turcica

a saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull that holds and protects the pituitary gland

lesser wing

a paired, thin, triangular bony plate that projects laterally from the anterosuperior aspect of the sphenoid body at the base of the skull

greater wing

a large, curved bony process of the sphenoid bone that spreads out on both sides of the skull base

coronal suture

a dense, fibrous joint that connects the frontal bone to the two parietal bones across the top of the skull

sagittal suture

a dense, fibrous joint running along the top center of the skull that connects the two parietal bones

squamous suture

a paired, arched cranial joint on the side of the skull that connects the temporal bone to the parietal bone

lambdoid suture

a dense, fibrous joint located at the back of the skull that connects the two parietal bones to the occipital bine

frontal suture

a vertical fibrous joint that runs down the middle of the forehead, connecting the two halves of the frontal bone from the bridge of the nose to the top of the head

anterior fontanelle

the largest diamond-shaped “soft spot” on the top front of an infant’s head where the cranial bones meet but have not yet fused

posterior fontanelle

a small, triangle-shaped soft spot located at the back of a newborn’s head where the parietal and occipital skull bones meet

mastoid fontanelle

a paired soft spot on an infant’s skull located just behind the ear, where the temporal, parietal, and occipital bones meet

sphenoidal fontanelle

a paired soft spot on each side of an infant’s skull