Quiz 2 (9/23)

Above the fold

refers to a prominent story; headline would appear above the fold of the page

Yellow journalism

a style of shocking and sensationalistic journalism that grew out of Hearst and Pulitzer’s newspaper circulation battle

Photojournalism

the use of photos to portray the news in print

Halftone

an image produced by a process in which photos are borken down into a series of dots that appear in shades of gray on the printed page

Chains

corporations that control large number of newspapers/other media outlets

Community press

consists of weekly and daily newspapers serving individual communities/suburbs instead of entire metro area

Gan’s 8 enduring values

ethnocentrism, altrusitic democracy, responsibile capitalism, small-town pastoralism, individualism, moderatism, social order, leadership

Altruistic democracy

the idea that politicians should serve public good, not self-interests

Responsible capitalism

the idea that open competition among businesses will create better, more prosperous world

Small-town pastoralism

nostalgia for old-fashioned rural community

Individualism

identify the one person who makes a difference; use one person as a symbol

Moderatism

value of mdoeration in all things

Social order

restoration of order

Dominant ideology

media promotes worldview of powerful

Fake news

term used to describe wide range of news, from satire to criticism

5 Common uses of the term “fake news”

satire, mistakes and fabrication, partisan clickbait, foreign political manipulation, media criticism

Ethnic papers

serve specialized communities, such as racial and ethnic minorities

Pictograph

a prehistoric form of writing made up of paintings on rock or cave walls; 12000 BC

Ideograph

an abstract symbol that stands for an object or an idea

Emojis

small icons that stand for emotions or ideas

Phonography

a system of writing in which symbols stand for spoken sounds rather than for objects or ideas; 2000 BC

Alphabet

letters represent individual sounds; 1700-1500 BC

Papyrus

a primitive form of paper made from the papyrus reed

Parchment

made from the skin of goats or sheep, eventually replaced papyrus

Paper

invented by the Chinese between 250-105 BC, made from cotton rags or wood pulp

Scriptoria

copying rooms

Type mold

enabled printers to make multiple identical copies of a single letter without hand-carving each

Font

all the characters of a typeface in a particular size and style; synonymous with typeface

Bay Psalm Book

The Whole Booke of Psalmes published in 1640

Serial novels

novels published in installments

Dime novels

heroic action stories that generally celebrated democratic ideals

Rotary press

the steam-powered press that could print as many as 16000 sections in one day; 1814

Linotype

typesetting machine, standard until the age of computer composition

Publishers

the companies that buy manuscripts from authors and turn them into books

Trade books

general-interest fiction and nonfiction books that are sold in hardback or large-format paperback editions

University and small presses

issue a limited number of books and may not be in the business for profit

Proofs

a copy of the ready-to-print pages of a book

Inclusive access

schools license all the assigned books electronically from a major publisher and make them available to students at either a discounted rate or no additional charge

Domestic novels

told of women who overcame tremendous problems through their Christian strength, virtue, and faith

Brick-and-mortar

stores that have a physical presence at which you can shop

E-book readers

devices in which you can access e-books on

Pentagon Papers

a top-secret 47-volume report commissioned by the secretary of defense to explain how the US got involved and fought in the Vietnam War

Print on demand

physical book is not printed until it is ordered or until distributer of the book prints additional copies in small batches

Alien and Sedition Acts

punished anyone who published false, scandalous, or malicious writings against US gov/Congress/president w/ fines, jail time, or deportation

Libel

any published statement that unjustifiably exposes someone to ridicule/contempt

Privilege

the idea that statements made in gov meetings, in court, or in gov docs cannot be used as base of libel suit

Actual malice

to display a reckless disregard for the truth or falsity of a published account

Intrusion

physical trespass into a space surrounding a person’s body or onto property under their control

Embarrassment

journalist publishes something that is true but embarrassing and not newsworthy about a person

False light

journalist publishes untrue statements that alter an individual’s public image in a way they cannot control

Misappropriation

using a person’s name/image for commercial purposes without their permission

Prior Restraint

a judicial order that stops a media organization from publishing a story/image

Shield laws

protect journalists from having to testify in court (and divulge sources) under certain circumstances

Obscenity

describes sexually explicit material that is legally prohibited from being published

Equal time provision

required broadcast stations to make equivalent amount of time available to all election candidates

Fairness doctrine

1987; stations required to cover controversial issues of public interest and present contrasting views

Net Neutrality

internet service providers will not favor one application/platform over another

USA Patriot Act

2001; domestic surveillance and widened definition of terrorism; easier for FBI to spy on Americans

Elements of libel case (6)

Defamation, identification, publication, falsity, harm, fault

Absolute privilege

officials can speak publicly in their roles

Qualified privilege

reporters can quote sources

Hyperbole

a statement so overblown, it shouldn’t be expected to be believed

Puffery

tout value of product without relying on facts

Zenger case established…

truth as defense against libel

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)

ad in NYT against police department; established actual malice

Gertz v. Robert Welch Inc. (1974)

private individuals deserve more protection because they have not voluntarily submitted themselves for public attention and are less able to defend themselves

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

established limitations of prior restraint; gov can only suppress publishing of military info during time of war, incitement to overthrow gov, obscenity

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)

school newspapers only have minimal protection under 1st Amendment

1934 Communications Act

converted Federal Radio Commission into Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Telecommunications Act of 1996

no/less restrictions of how many stations one company can own