Health Science

What are bloodborne pathogens?

harmful bacteria that are carried throughout the body in the blood or body fluids

What are the types of body fluid is bloodborne pathogens in?

Semen
Vaginal secretions
cerebrospinal fluid
synovial fluid
fluid that contains blood

What is Hepatitis B probability of spreading

7+ days on a surface

How long has HBV been mandated by OSHA

Since 1991

Who has to get HBV vaccine

All healthcare workers

How is HIV caused

By a family of retroviruses that invade cells

HIV facts

attacks the immune system disabling its defenses, can be transmitted by using an infected needle, Estimated 35 million carries it and is rising

What does ADIS stand for?

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

AIDS facts

No vaccine
50% develop AIDS within 10 years of HIV+ and die 2 years after symptoms

who should cover open wounds

Athletes/Patients/Healthcare worker
To protect yourself from others

What happens when bleeding on the field happens

Remove from play
Control bleeding
Change uniform
Clean and cover wound

What does PPE stand for?

Personal Protection Equipment

Who mandates universal precautions?

OSHA

What does OSHA stand for?

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

What is it that OSHA does

Outlines the rules and regulations regarding the handling of blood and blood-borne pathogens

How should we treat all wounds

Treat them as if they are contagious

What is tetanus?

Bacteria that causes lockjaw, fever, and convulsions

What does NOCSAE stand for?

National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment

Which sports team have NOCSAE certified Helmets

Football
Softball
Baseball
Men's Lax

Fitting Helmets requirements

Check air bladders when traveling different altitudes
Chin strap fitted to keep from moving front/back
Jaw pads fitted to not have helmet rocking laterally
Can use credit card test: cover base of skull, ear holes line up

What does eye protection protect you from

projectiles and implements

eye protection acceptable material

Polycarbonate- unbreakable
Case hardened glass- crumbles and doesn't splinter

Classified as trunk and thorax protection

Cantilevered pads- blocking and tackling
non-cantilevered(flat pads)- quarterback and receivers

musculotendinous Injuries

Tendon
Strain

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

strain

muscle or tendon injury

what happens when the tendon is strained

It is stretched or tore

3 grades of a strain

Grade 1-mild pain-stretching of tissue and possible tearing
Grade 2-medium pain-partial tearing of muscle or tendon
Grade 3-extreme pain then none- complete rupture of the muscle or tendon

what happens when you go back to quickly with a sprain

it will make the injury worse

Parts of Bone: Diaphysis

main shaft

signs and symptoms of the bone

deformity, point tenderness

greenstick

happens in children

synovial joints injuries

Ligament
Sprain
Subluxation
Dislocation

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

sprain

injury to a ligament

3 grades of a sprain

Grade 1 ( mild) - stretching and possible tearing
Grade 2 ( moderate) - tearing and separation of ligament fibers *possible partial tear*
Grade 3 ( severe) - complete rupture *surgery*

subluxation

bone comes out of joint but goes back in spontaneously

Dislocation

bone is forced completely out of its joint ( and stays out)
*once a dislocation, always a dislocation*

signs and symptoms of dislocation

deformity
loss of joint motion
possible fracture

Assistive devices

Crutches and Cane

How to fit crutches

-outside tip 6in to the side and 2in in front of shoe
-pad 1in below armpit
-hand brace adjusted so elbow at 30 degrees

How to fit cane

to greater trochanter

what does HBV and HCV stand for

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C

Hepatitis B facts

-high probability of spreading
-vaccine available 3 shots over 6 months

Hepatitis C facts

-Causes Liver disease
-no vaccine

Parts of Bone: Epiphysis

end of a bone

Parts of Bone: Epiphyseal Plate

growth plates

Parts of bone: Articular cartilage

covers bone ends at joints

Parts of the bone: Periosteum

covers bone except at joints

Parts of bone: articulation

Where two or more bones meet=joint

Emergency Action Plan Concern

-#1 concern is cardiovascular function and central nervous system function
-Always assume unconsciousness= a life threatening injury

3 C's

Check- scene for safety and victim for responsiveness
Call- if you are alone and someone call if not alone
Care- primary survey and secondary survey

When to call 911

call immediately if adult is unresponsive, child collapse, child with heart condition
After 2 min of care call if child collapse that you did not see

Information to give 911

-Address
-Floor number
-condition of patient
-weight

Describe ABC's

A=airway-head tilt/chin lift or jaw thrust maneuver
B=breathing-check for breathing, look, listen, feel
C=circulation-check for a pulse, carotid adult or brachial infant

what to do when not breathing but has pulse

rescue breathing, not breathing and no pulse results in CPR

How long to check for breathing

no more than 10 seconds

Primary Survey

Life threatening situations

Secondary Survey

Look for other injuries

In depth assessment HOPS

History
Observation
Palpation
Special tests

Gait patterns

Swing/tripod
One crutch/cane
Three point
Four point
Upstairs
Downstairs

Swing/tripod

non weight bearing , swing leg through

One crutch/cane

hold in opposite hand from the injured side, cane and bad foot go forward together

three point

partial weight bearing or full weight bearing, bad foot and crutches go forward together

four point

full weight bearing, opposite crutch and foot move together

upstairs

good foot goes up first, then crutches and bad foot

downstairs

bad foot and crutches go down first, then good foot

healing process: inflammatory response phase

-begins immediately
-signs and symptoms lasts 2-4 days

healing process: Fibroblastic repair phase

-scar formation and repair of injured tissue
-lasts 4-6 weeks
-signs and symptoms subside

healing process: Maturation remodeling phase

-realignment and remodeling of scar tissue
-signs and symptoms may take years

Shock causes

vascular system loses capacity to hold fluid portion of blood inside vessels

shock effect

Not enough oxygen gets to the cells

signs and symptoms of Shock

-Low BP
-Weak/rapid pulse
-Shallow/rapid breathing
moist/pale/cool/clammy skin
-drowsiness, extreme thirst, irritability

treatment of shock

-maintain body temp.
-elevate feet 8-12in
-give nothing by mouth
-loosen restrictive clothing
-keep calm

Musculoskeletal injuries

-fractures
-subluxation
-dislocations
-stress fracture
-sprains
-strains

Fractures

-a crack or break in a bone
-open comes out of skin

Types of fractures

- Closed, simple
- Open, compound
- Greenstick, infants
-Transverse
-Oblique
-Comminuted
-Spiral
-Linear
-Avulsion
-blowout
-serrated
-depressed
-contrecoup

signs of fracture

-deformity
-point tenderness

stress fracture

Overuse or repetitive stress causes this fracture

stress fracture signs

focal point tenderness

What is RICES used for

Used to reduce the amount of pain and swelling after an injury

The R in rices mean

Rest- to prevent further injury

The I in RICES mean

Ice-applied for at least the first 72 hours, 20-30 min on, 60-90 min off

The C in RICES mean

Compression-external pressure to decrease the amount of swelling and bleeding

The E in RICES mean

Elevation- above the heart, eliminate gravity pooling inflammation in the extremities

The S in RICES mean

Support- crutches, boot, splint

Shoe fitting

-roomy toe box
-durable, shock absorbing sole
-durable, soft arch support
Cleats: no longer than 1/2 in

Meniscus

-fibrocartilage disc found in some joints

meniscus signs

-giving out
-joint line pain
-pain with squatting

Joint capsule

joint is surrounded by the capsule

Synovial fluid

fluid inside a joint, helps lubrication, shock absorption, nutrition of the joint

Types of bleeding

-Arterial
-Venous
-Capillary
-Internal
-External
-Hemorrhage

Arterial bleeding

Bright red and spurting

Venous bleeding

dark red with continuous flow

capillary bleeding

reddish and oozes

internal bleeding

Subcutaneous- bruise
Intramuscular-bleeding within
Intra-articular-bleeding within joint

Within a body cavity-

within abdomen, skull

external bleeding/wound types

-Abrasions
-Incisions
-Lacerations
-Punctures
-Avulsions

Hemorrhage (bleeding)

uncontrolled bleeding

Pulse: number of beats per minute

-Adults 60 to 100
-Child 80 to 150
-Infant 120 to 160