KINES 203 - L10: The Endocrine System

what three glands are in the cranial cavity

• the pineal gland

• the hypothalamus

• the pituitary gland

what controls the pituitary gland

the hypothalamus

what gland is located in the sphenoid bone, at the bony landmark sella turcica

the pituitary gland

whats the role of the pineal gland

releases melatonin

whats the role of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

they work together to regulate calcitonin and calcium metabolism

whats the role of the thymus

releases thymosin (an immune product)

what gland(s) release cortisol, aldosterone, norepinephrine, and epinephrine (typically observed during fight or flight situations)

the adrenal gland

what are the two different categories of hormones

• steroid hormones

• amino acid hormones

these hormones are lipid based and are produced by the sex glands and outer adrenal glands

steroid hormones

these hormones are protein-based and include the remaining endocrine glands

amino acid hormones

these hormones are released by what gland

• GH (growth hormone)

• TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

• ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

• FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

• LH (luteinizing hormone)

• PRL (prolactin)

the anterior pituitary gland

what hormones are released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

• antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• oxytocin

what happens when ADH is released

it causes the kidneys to conserve water (via vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the kidneys)

what hormones are produced by the thyroid

• T₄ (thyroxine)

• T₃ (triiodothyronine)

what hormone is released by the parathyroid gland

parathyroid (PTH)

whats the role of parathyroid (PTH)

helps with calcium metabolism

• increases calcium levels in blood by pulling calcium from the bones into the blood stream

how is the adrenal gland composed

via an outer cortex and inner medulla

which hormones are secreted from the outer cortex of the adrenal gland

• cortisol

• aldosterone

• testosterone

whats the role of cortisol

decreases inflammation and increases fats and carbohydrates in the bloodstream

whats the role of aldosterone

water and sodium conservation

which hormones are released by the inner medulla of the adrenal gland

• epinephrine

• norepinephrine

whats the role of epinephrine

increases blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate

whats the role of norepinephrine

increases the stress response, and can be produced via exercise, adequate sleep, and high protein

• good stress

whats are islets

small clusters of cells (found in the pancreas)

what does the root endocrino mean

endocrine gland or system

what does the root pituitari mean

pituitary gland

what does the root hypophysio mean

hypophysis

what does the root thyro mean

thyroid gland

what does the root parathyro mean

parathyroid gland

what does the root adreno mean

adrenal gland

what does the root adrenocortico mean

adrenal cortex

what does the root insulo mean

pancreatic islets or pancreas

what are the three clinical aspects that typically arises with the endocrine system

• hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones

• hormone attachment to target tissue

• problem with the gland

growth hormone hypersecretion

• acromegaly (adults)

• gigantism (children)

growth hormone hyposecretion

dwarfism (children)

antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion

SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH)

antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion

diabetes insipidus

aldosterone hypersecretion

aldosteronism

cortisol hypersecretion

cushing’s syndrome

thyroid hormone hypersecretion

grave’s disease

thyroid hormone hyposecretion

congenital hypothyroidism

insulin hypersecretion

hypoglycemia

insulin hyposecretion

diabetes mellitus

parathyroid hormone hypersecretion

osteopenia, osteoporosis

parathyroid hormone hyposecretion

tetany

where is GH (growth hormone) produced

the anterior pituitary gland

where is TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) produced

the anterior pituitary gland

where is FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) produced

the anterior pituitary gland

where is LH (luteinizing hormone) produced

the anterior pituitary gland

where is PRL (prolactin) produced

the anterior pituitary gland

where is ADH produced

the posterior pituitary gland

where is oxytocin produced

the posterior pituitary gland

where is T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (tetraiodothyronine) produced

the thyroid

where is PTH (parathyroid hormone) produced

the parathyroid

where is cortisol produced

the adrenal gland

where is aldosterone produced

the adrenal gland

what is epinephrine produced

the adrenal medulla

where is insulin produced

the pancreatic islet

where is melatonin produced

the pineal gland

where is testosterone produced

the testis

where is estrogen produced

the ovaries

where is progesterone produced

the ovaries

what condition is a tumor of the pituitary gland

adenoma

what are the common signs and symptoms of adenoma

increase in growth hormone and/or ACTH. Leading to headaches and vision problems

what is panhypopituitarism

the clinical name of dwarfism

what is myxedema

an adult form of hypothyroidism

what is Grave’s disease

an autoimmune disorder that causes increased thyroid hormone production

what are goiters

clinical enlargement of the thyroid gland

what is Addison’s disease

hypofunction of the adrenal gland (cortisol and aldosterone)

what is Cushing syndrome

hypersecretion of the adrenal gland