Brain parts and functions

limbic system

involves several structures near medial edge of cerebral cortex

regulate emotion, memory, appetite, ANS, neuroendocrine, smell

limbic system functions

limbic system

cortical areas (medial and ant temporal lobes), ant insula, inf medial frontal lobes, cingulate gyri

limbic system

hippocampus, amygdala, several nuclei in medial thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, septal area, brainstem, fornix

fornix

connects hippocampal formation to hypothalamus and septal nuclei

limbic system

lesion affects emotion/behaviors and memory organization

epileptic seizures

arise from limbic structures involving the medial aspect of temporal lobe; set off by fear, memory distortion, olfactory hallucinations

frontal lobe

has largest amount of association cortex

association cortex

function is higher-order info processing

unimodal

association cortex type for a single sensory or motor modality

unimodal

association cortex type located adjacent to primary motor and/or sensory area

heteromodal

association cortex type that integrates funcs from multi sensory and/or motor modalities

primary auditory cortex (heschl’s gyrus)

gyrus that perceives language first

primary visual cortex

gyrus needed for reading

wernicke’s aphasia

deficit in lang comprehension

wernicke’s aphasia

pts don’t know their com sounds off

wernicke’s

receptive/sensory fluent aphasia

broca’s

motor/expressive aphasia

broca’s aphasia

pt not able to articulate; frustrating

temporal

lobe that contains primary auditory cortex

occipital

lobe that contains primary visual cortex

frontal

lobe that contains broca’s area

temporal

lobe that contains wernicke’s area

intraparietal sulcus

parietal lobe is ÷ by

gerstmann’s syndrome

difficulty w/ calc, right/left confusion, finger agnosia, written lang difficulty

inf parietal (left/dominant)

damage to this area causes gerstmann’s syndrome

apraxia

inability to execute a motor plan due to parietal lobe damage

parietal (right/non-dominant)

damage to this area causes spacial unawareness (hemineglect, anosognosia, extinction)

hemineglect

neglect contralat side of env (draw clock)

anosognosia

hemineglect + lack of knowledge of disease; may not acknowledge contralat body part

extinction

tactile or visual stim is perceived norm when presented to only 1 side, but can’t feel multi sensory stim presented simultaneously on contralat side

frontal lobe

lesion here causes personality and cog changes

frontal release signs, disinhibited behaviors, perseveration, abulic, magnetic gait, urine incontinence

frontal lobe lesion sxs

frontal release signs

grasp, root, suck, snout reflexes (frontal lobe)

disinhibited behaviors

lacks filter (verbal or physical) (frontal lobe)

perseveration

involuntary repetition of a thot or behavior (frontal lobe)

abulic

inability to make decisions (frontal lobe)

parietal, occipital, inf temporal

lobes for visual association cortex

prosopagnosia, achromatopsia, palinopsia

visual association cortex lesions can cause

prosopagnosia

inability to recognize faces

achromatopsia

inability to recognize color (color blind)

palinopsia

persistence or reappearance of objects seen earlier