Metabolics, Autoimmune Disorders, and Rehabilitation: Key Concepts for OT

What are key considerations when working with bariatric clients?

Functional mobility, transfer techniques, nutritional considerations, dressing, and transfers.

What is the clinical implication of a white blood cell count of 3,500?

It may indicate leukopenia, which can increase the risk of infection.

What does BMP stand for in lab values?

Basic Metabolic Panel.

What electrolytes are compared in a BMP?

Sodium, potassium, creatinine, BUN, and glucose.

What are calcium channel blockers used to treat?

Hypertension.

What is the OT's role in medication management?

To assist clients in understanding and managing their medications effectively.

What are the two main routes of drug administration?

Parenteral and enteral routes.

Where do most drugs metabolize in the body?

Primarily in the liver.

What is an example of a non-inflammatory oral medication?

Acetaminophen.

What are key components of healthier meal prep?

Understanding serving sizes and nutritional balance.

What are important factors in fall prevention for the elderly?

Home safety, balance screening, and assessment for sitting and balance.

What is a recommended strategy for getting up off the floor after a fall?

Use a methodical approach to roll onto the side and push up to a sitting position.

What type of pain is neuropathic pain?

Pain caused by lesions or diseases in the somatosensory nervous system.

What are common symptoms of neuropathic pain?

Burning, pins and needles, shooting, prickling, and altered temperature.

What distinguishes nociceptive pain from neuropathic pain?

Nociceptive pain occurs without evidence of tissue damage, while neuropathic pain is due to nervous system damage.

What are common conditions associated with nociceptive pain?

Fibromyalgia, migraines, CRPS, and chronic low back pain.

What is the principle of acute pain management in recovery?

Pain is a temporary, normal part of healing, and movement can encourage circulation and tissue healing.

How should OTs approach a client's pain management?

They should not diminish the client's sense of pain and allow them to stop if it becomes too much.

What techniques can be used for pain management?

Deep breathing, polyvagal theory, graded exposure, visualization, and therapeutic use of self.

What is the goal of pain assessment in non-verbal patients?

To obtain a self-report of the presence of pain and pain intensity whenever possible.

Name a validated behavioral-based pain assessment tool.

Behavioral pain scale, Nonverbal pain scale, Critical-care pain observation tool.

What behaviors should be observed to assess pain in non-verbal patients?

Facial grimacing, restlessness, vocalization, bracing.

What are potential causes of pain to search for in non-verbal patients?

Infections, mechanical ventilation.

Differentiate between acute and chronic pain.

Acute pain is short-term and often related to injury, while chronic pain persists over time, often without a clear cause.

What are the types of pain associated with diabetes?

Nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain.

What is the significance of A1C values in diabetes?

They help classify individuals as prediabetic, diabetic, or normal.

What is scleroderma?

A rare chronic disease characterized by diffuse fibrosis of skin and internal organs.

What are the two types of scleroderma?

Limited scleroderma (80%) and diffuse scleroderma (20%).

What are common symptoms of limited scleroderma?

Raynaud's, antinuclear antibodies, esophageal motility disorder, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia.

What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?

An acute, rapidly progressing inflammatory demyelination polyneuropathy affecting peripheral nerves.

What triggers Guillain-Barre syndrome in most cases?

an infection, surgery, or vaccination.

What is the typical progression of symptoms in Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Symptoms progress from distal to proximal motor and sensory impairments.

What is the prognosis for Guillain-Barre syndrome?

70-80% of patients achieve full or near-full recovery within 6 months.

What diagnostic tests are used for Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Lumbar puncture, MRI, CT, electromyography, and lab work.

What are the phases of disease progression in Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Acute, stabilizing, and recovery phases.

What is lupus?

An inflammatory disorder affecting multiple organ systems, marked by spontaneous remissions and relapses.

What are common symptoms of lupus?

Fever, anorexia, malaise, weight loss, joint pain, and a butterfly rash.

What criteria are used to diagnose lupus?

4 out of 11 criteria from the College of Rheumatology, including facial rash and arthritis.

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

A chronic systemic inflammatory disorder causing synovitis of multiple joints.

What is the typical onset age for rheumatoid arthritis?

Mostly onset in the 60s, more common in women.

What are the diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis?

At least 4 out of 7 criteria from the American College of Rheumatology.

What are common symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Morning stiffness, joint swelling, and rheumatoid nodules.

What is the clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis?

spontaneous remissions and relapses.

What are the implications for occupational therapy in Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Monitor hemodynamics, document muscle testing results, and plan for discharge.

What is the role of plasmapheresis in Guillain-Barre syndrome treatment?

It removes plasma antibodies and replaces them with albumin or fresh frozen plasma.

What is hypertension?

consistent elevated blood pressure.

What role does occupational therapy (OT) play in medication management?

OT assists in ensuring proper medication adherence and understanding.

What are parenteral routes of medication administration?

Routes that involve injecting medication directly into the body, bypassing the digestive system.

What are enteral routes of medication administration?

Routes that involve delivering medication through the digestive tract.

Where do drugs primarily metabolize in the body?

Drugs are primarily metabolized in the liver.

What is a non-inflammatory oral medication?

A medication that does not cause inflammation and is taken by mouth.

What are some strategies for healthier meal preparation?

Planning meals, using fresh ingredients, and controlling portion sizes.

What is the importance of serving size in nutrition?

It helps manage caloric intake and ensures balanced nutrition.

What are key considerations for home safety to prevent falls?

Removing hazards, ensuring good lighting, and using assistive devices.

What is balance screening?

An assessment to evaluate an individual's stability and risk of falling.

What should be assessed for sitting and balance in the elderly?

Strength, coordination, and ability to maintain posture.

What are effective fall prevention strategies?

Exercise programs, home modifications, and education on safe practices.

What is the first step in getting up off the floor after a fall?

Assess for injuries before attempting to get up.

What are common causes of bathroom falls?

Slippery surfaces, inadequate support, and poor lighting.

What medication is known to relieve neuropathic pain and improve sleep?

Gabapentin

What distinguishes neuropathic pain from nociceptive pain?

Neuropathic pain arises from nerve damage, while nociceptive pain is due to tissue damage.

What are the characteristics of neuropathic pain?

Symptoms include burning, pins and needles, and altered temperature sensations.

What types of neuropathic pain exist?

Peripheral (e.g., phantom pain) and central (e.g., post-stroke pain).

What is nociceptive pain?

Pain resulting from actual or potential tissue damage without nerve damage.

What is the pain of recovery principle?

Pain is a normal part of healing and should not be feared.

What techniques can OT use for pain management?

Deep breathing, visualization, and graded exposure.

What is the goal for non-verbal patients in pain assessment?

To obtain self-reports of pain presence and intensity whenever possible.

What are the cardinal symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Progressive muscle weakness and sensory impairment starting from distal to proximal.

What are the diagnostic methods for Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Lumbar puncture, MRI, CT, and electromyography.

What are the main symptoms of lupus?

Fever, joint pain, rash, and systemic symptoms like malaise.

What is the classification criteria for diagnosing lupus?

Four out of eleven criteria must be met, including facial rash and arthritis.

What are the common symptoms of RA?

Morning stiffness, joint swelling, and fatigue.

What is the treatment approach for RA?

Includes NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.

What are the stages of rheumatoid arthritis progression?

initial inflammation, joint damage, and potential fusion.

What is the significance of monitoring muscle strength in Guillain-Barre patients?

To assess recovery and plan rehabilitation effectively.