Barron AP Bio - U1C3

Water

polar covalent bond

chemical link where 2 atoms have unequal electron sharing

polar molecule

neutral particle w/ pos. charge on 1 end and neg. charge on the other end

particle

small unit of matter that makes up all substances (ex. atoms, molecules, subatomic particles)

covalent bond

chemical link where 2 atoms share electrons

electronegativity

chemical property measuring an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons to itself in a chemical bond

hydrogen bond

strong type of attractive force between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and a highly electronegative atom in another molecule

cohesion

attractive force that causes like molecules to stick to one another

adhesion

attractive force that causes different molecules to stick to one another

surface tension

physical property of liquid that allows it to resist external forces

capillary action

movement of a liquid through a narrow space or porous material w/o gravity

meniscus

curved surface that forms at the top of a liquid when it touches a container’s sides

specific heat

amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a specific unit of mass by 1 C°

heat of vaporization

amount of heat required to transform a specific amount of a substance from a liquid into a gas at a constant temperature & pressure

heat capacity

amount of heat energy required to transform an entire object/system’s temperature by 1 C°

density

measure of how tightly packed matter is within a specific space/volume (__ = mass/volume)

solvent

usually liquid substance that has the ability to dissolve other solutes into a solution

solute

substance that dissolves in a solvent to create a solution

solution

homogenous mixture of 2+ substances where components are evenly distributed on a molecular level

compound

pure substance made of 2+ different elements joined by chemical bonds in a fixed ratio

pH

‘power of hydrogen’

pH

scale that measures how acidic/basic a water-based solution is

dissociation

reversible process where molecules or ionic compounds split into smaller particles

buffer

liquid solution w/ a steady pH even if an acid or base is added