Biol1406 lab exam 2

Where is the chiasma position to produce this new allele combination? ABCD → ABCd abcd → abcD

between C & D

What stage of Meiosis is this?

Prophase 1

_____ always involves two successive divisions.

Meiosis

The diploid chromosome number in humans is _____.

46

Sister chromatids separate in ____.

Meiosis II

Which represents a haploid arrangement of chromosomes?

N

Crossing over occurs in ____

Prophase I of Meiosis I

_________ chromosomes are chromosomes having the same genes at the same loci but different alleles, and one comes from each parent.

Homologous

Allele Combination Before Crossing Over: A B C d e F a b c D E f

Chiasma position between C and D.

What is the new combination of alleles?

A B C D E f a b c d e F

______ is a type of division that produces genetic variation within the new cells produced.

Meiosis

Homologous chromosomes separate in ______.

Meiosis I

Different forms of a gene at a given locus on a chromosome are called _______.

Alleles

The two homologous chromosomes that come together in Prophase I in Meiosis I are called a(n) _______.

tetrad

About how many different combinations of chromosomes are expected to result from independent assortment in humans? (Mark all correct answers)

8 million and 223

What happens to the observed and expected outcomes as sample size increases?

They should get closer.

If we tested pea plants and observed purple flowers, white flowers, tall plants, and short plants, what is the Degree of Freedom?

3

The _________ is the the actual genes in an organism, and it normally is represented by two letters.

Genotype

If yellow peas are dominant to green peas, and one parent is heterozygous and one parent has green peas, what is the expected phenotypic ratio in F1?

25%

What is the expected phenotypic ratio when two heterozygous parents are crossed?

3:1

What kind of alleles are represented by capital letters?

Dominant alleles

When individuals are true breeding, they can be ______.

Homozygous, Heterozygous

The ___________ is the physical appearance of an organism, like red eyed fruit flies.

Phenotype

What are different versions of a gene called?

Alleles

What is the expected genotypic ratio if two heterozygous parents are crossed?

1:2:1

MALE Bee

What is the probability of being born on 1st October?

1/365

Probability

the number of specific events/ total number of possible events. EX: 1 event (heads) / 2 events (heads or tails) = ½=50%

If we tested pea plants and observed purple flowers, white flowers, tall plants, and short plants, what is the degree of freedom?

3

What kind of alleles are represented by capital letters?

Dominant Alleles

What happens to the observed frequency as sample gets larger?

It gets closer

what happens to the observed frequency as sample size gets large?

As sample size increases the closer your observed outcome should be to the expected outcome.

Gene

a stretch of nucleotides along the length of a chromosome that code for a protein or sometimes an RNA molecule (proteins in some way determine phenotype).

Alleles

different forms of a gene (the various alleles have different sequences of nucleotides and may code for different versions of the protein that can affect phenotype in various ways).

Dominant Allele

any allele which when present with its recessive counterpart produces the same phenotype as when present in two copies. Tt and TT look the same-tall. Represented by a capital.

Recessive Allele

any allele which must be present in two copies to produce the characteristic phenotype, represented by a lower case.

The Physical appearance in an organism

Phenotype

The genes present in an organism

Genotype

What is the probability of being born on a Wednesday?

1/7

When individuals are true breeding, they can be

Homozygous, Heterozygous

If yellow peas are dominant to green peas and one parent is heterozygous and one parent has green peas how many of the offspring are true breeding for pea color?

1/2

What is the expected phenotypic ratio when two heterozygous parents are crossed?

3.1

What probability or alpha value do we use in science when using the test or Chi Square Table?

.05%

Know how to setup and solve a monohybrid cross and what the expected phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratios are (page 66 and 67) Expected phenotypic ratio- 3:1 Expected genotypic ratio- 1:2:1

What proportion is expected to breed true (homozygous) for flower color?

2/4=½=50%

What proportion is expected to segregate (heterozygous) for flower color?

2/4=½=50%

What proportion of the purple flower is expected to breed true?

⅓

What proportion pf the purple flower is expected to segregate for flower color?

2/3

The 5 reasons why we use fruit flies for genetic experiments

They are easily cultured. 2. They have short generation times, with the life cycle being completed in as little as 10 days. 3. A single cross can produce a large number of progeny, which increase the sample size and reduces sampling error. 4. A large number of mutations are well known. 5. True-breeding lines are available for contrasting characters under simple genetic control.

Be able to identify male and female fruit flies

Males are smaller and have sex combs. Females have more stripes.

Is the template strand or the coding strand complementary to mRNA?

The coding, or non-template, strand is the DNA strand complementary to the template strand; it has the same sequence (except for T & U substituitions) as the mRNA. It is also the lower strand.

_____ is a mutation that changes a base pair in DNA and codes for another amino acid.

A missense mutation

_____ is a mutation the changes a base pair in DNA but codes for the same amino acid.

A silent mutation

What is the final product of translation?

RNA,

Stop codon in the mRNA

UAA, UAG, or UGA

Does mRNA copy the coding strand or the template strand of DNA?

Template strand of DNA

Where does transcription take place in the cell? (Assume eukaryotes.)

nucleus

Where does translation take place in the cell?

Ribosome

Know what transcription is and how it occurs and where in the cell it occurs

Creates mRNA .... Nucleus of Eukaryotes

Know what translation is and how it occurs and where in the cell it occurs

Creates polypeptide chain/proteins.... ribosomes

What is the start codon?

AUG, which codes for the amino acid methionine.

What nitrogen base is found in RNA but not DNA?

Uracil

Give the standard notation for a strand of DNA that is complementary to: 5' - CGGTA - 3'

3' - GCCAT - 5' -> 5' - TACCG - 3'

Describe the orientation of the two DNA strands with respect to one another in a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Antiparallel

______is the process where mRNA makes a copy of DNA, normally copying a gene.

Transcription

If an organism's DNA contains 35% adenine, how much guanine does it contain?

15% We know that the sample is 35% adenine, which tells us that it is also 35% thymine. We know that cytosine and guanine pair together and will be present in equal amounts, so we can divide this final total by 2 to find our answer. The sample is 35% adenine, 35% thymine, 15% guanine, and 15% cytosine.

The 5' end of DNA has a ____.

Phosphate

Are the two ends of a strand the same, or are they different?

Different

AAG

lysine silent mutation

AAC->ASN

asparagine different amino acid missense mutation

AUG-GUA-UAA

stop codon nonsense mutation

Missing letter

frameshift

DNA

double-stranded, thymine, deoxyribose sugar

RNA

single-stranded, uracil, ribose sugar

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection

high reproductive capacities (superfecundity)->competition->heritable variation in populations of organisms->differential survival and reproduction

Mutation

is spontaneous and random

Does natural selection work on the individual or the population?

Individual

In areas where coral snakes were present, artificial brown snakes were attacked much more frequently than artificial kingsnakes.

True

________________ ______________ is when an edible animal is protected by resembling a poisonous or noxious one that is avoided by predators.

Batesian mimicry

Aposematic coloring is a type of coloring where an organism is camouflaged in their environment.

False

When you simulated evolution in the Grabber game on the computer, what happened to the phenotype over 250 generations when there were no mutations?

There was no change in phenotype

What kind of mimicry do bees and wasps exhibit?

mullerian mimicry

When two different species live in different geographic areas, what is this called?

Allopatry

Kingsnakes should be protected in areas of ____ with coral snakes.

Sympatry

The coral snake was the ______ species in the article you read.

Model

Who wrote the Theory of Evolution by Natural selection?

Darwin & Wallace

Are sharks and dolphin examples of convergent evolution or divergent evolution?

Convergent

Give the parenthetical notation for this phylogenetic tree.

(((B,C)A) (D,E))

List one characteristic of Tikaalik that is tetrapod-like.

tetrapod rib bones, neck, ribs, fin skeleton, flat skull, eyes on top of skull.

List one characteristic of Tikaalik that is fish-like.

Fins, scales, gills and lungs

What is the significance of Tiktaalik?- Tiktaalik is one of the most important fish fossils for unravelling the evolutionary transition from fish living in water to tetrapods living on land.

Does this have fins? Yes Scales? yes Shape of head? flat skull Position of the eyes? eyes on top of skull Neck? yes Bones in fins? yes Which of these characters go with fish?- Fins, scales, gills and lungs Which of the characters go with tetrapods?- neck, ribs, fin skeleton, flat skull, eyes on top of skull.

What is 1 called? Root What is 2 Called? Internal branch What is 3 called?Node What is 4 called? External branch What is 5 called? Taxa

phylogenic tree

Which letter corresponds to the first appearance of fur

Y

Species that are alive today are called what? It is the opposite of extinct.

Extant

What is Archaeopteryx?

Oldest known fossil bird; transitions between dinosaurs(reptiles) and modern birds. Give two reptilian characteristics?- Large skull, solid bones, claws on forelimbs Give two bird characteristics?- strong legs, feathers, rounded wings for gliding

Give a bird characteristic of Archaeopteryx.

feathers, wings, furcula and reduced fingers

Are crocodiles more closely related to birds or lizards?

Birds

Parsimony

calls for the simplest tree, with the least number of character changes

What is polytomy

Polytomy is a term for an internal node of a cladogram that has more than two immediate descendents (i.e, sister taxa). In contrast, any node that has only two immediate descendents is said to be resolved.

What is convergent evolution?

the process when organisms that are not closely related, independently evolve to have similar traits as a result of adapting to similar ecological niches/environments. Give an example.- Sharks and dolphins (same body shape due to aquatic environment) Bats and Butterflies (gain of wings for good adaption), Bats and whales (echolocation to find food).