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agriculture
Deliberate modification of Earth's surface through the civilization of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.
crop
Any plant cultivated by people.
agricultural revolution
Was the time when human beings no longer relied on hunting and gathering, but rather domesticated plants and animals. They believed it began around the year 8000 b.c.
Environmental Factors of Agricultural Revolution
Conceded with climate change;
Marked end of Ice Age;
Massive redistribution of humans, other animals, and plants at that time.
Cultural Factors Of Agricultural Revolution
Led nomads to build permanent settlements and store surplus vegetation there;
Deliberately cut plants or dropped berries, to experiment and see if new items would produce;
Learned to pour water over the site;
Most things evolved from accidents;
Crops that reached Present-Day USA
Oats, Wheat, Barley.
subsistence agriculture
Production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family.
Commercial Agriculture
Production of food primarily for selling off the farm.
3 Features Separating Commercial and Subsistence.
Percentage of farmers in the labor force;
The use of machinery;
Farm size
% of Farmers in Labor Force in Commercial Agriculture
3%
Use of Machinery in Commercial Agriculture
Lots of machines
Farm Size in Commercial Agriculture
418 acres
% of Farmers in Labor Force in Subsistence Agriculture
42%
Use of Machinery in Subsistence Agriculture
Hand tools and animal power
Farm Size in Subsistence Agriculture
2.5 acres
How does Rubenstein contrast the American and Canadian farmer to the typical rural Asian farmer?
They compare the more developed and the lesser developed countries;
In the U.S and Canada farming is vast and in Asia grows enough food to survive, using little surplus.
level of development
People in developed countries tend to consume more food and from different resources than do people in developing countries.
EX: Someone in the U.S vs. Someone in Iraq.
Physical Conditions
Climate is important in influencing what can be most easily grown and therefore consumed in developing countries. In developed countries, though food is shipped long distances to locations of different climates.
EX: Africa vs. America, and shipments.
Cultural Preferences
Some food preferences and avoidances are expressed without regard for physical and economic factors.
EX: In middle eastern countries, pork. In India, meat.
Dietary energy consumption
mount of food an individual consumes. (KCAL) (Calorie)
Three leading cereal grains
-Wheat: Europe and North America. Central and Southwest Asia
-Rice: East, South, Southeast Asia.
-Maize (Corn): North America, sub-Saharan Africa.
% of grain production
90%
% of dietary energy consumed world wide
40%
highest consumption
Unites States; it could possibly lead to obesity and cause shortages of food in the near future.
food security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Which regions of the world get most of their protein from meat?
Mainly The Western Hemisphere (North America and South America)
Which regions of the world get most of their protein from cereal grain?
Mainly Asia, Africa, and some of Europe.
In what regions do agriculture and climate closely align?
Southwest Asia and North Africa.
What is the name of the geography that developed the map of the 11 main agricultural regions?
Whittlesey
Intensive subsistence, wet-rice dominant
East Asia and South Asia
Intensive Subsistence crops other than rice dominant
East Asia and South Asia
Pastoral nomadism
Southwest Asia, North Africa, Central Asia, and East Asia
Shifting cultivation
Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia
Plantation
Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia
Mixed crop and livestock
US Midwest and Central Europe
Dairying
Northeastern U.S, Southeastern Canada, Northwestern Europe
Grain
North-central US, South-central Canada, and Eastern Europe
ranching
Western North America, Southeastern Latin America, Central Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and the South Pacific
Mediterranean
lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, western U.S., southern tip of Africa, and Chile
Commercial Gardening
southeastern US and southeastern Australia
How many people today are hunters and gatherers?
Quarter Million or less than 0.005 percent of the world's population.
Define pastoral nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals in dry climates
What do pastoral nomads consume?
They consume mostly grains
Define transhumance
Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
Between which two stages do pastoral nomads fall?
Pastoral nomad siin;
sedentary agriculture
Why has pastoral nomadism declined?
because of modern technology national governments control nomad population.
Define shifting cultivation
Process of removing the typical vegetation then farming different crops
Define slash-and-burn agriculture
farmers clear the land by slashing vegetation and burning the debris
Define Swidden
slash and burn agriculture (cleared area)
main crops of shifting cultivation
Rice's, maize, millet, sorghum, sugar cane
shifting cultivation land use
1/4 of the worlds land area
three things that are taking the place of shifting cultivation.
logging, cattle ranching, cultivation of each crops
Plantation farming major crops
Cotton;
Sugar cane;
Coffee;
Rubber;
Tabaco;
intensive subsistence agriculture
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
double cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
four principal steps in growing rice
Field is prepared and the hill sides are terraced;
Field is flooded with water;
Rice seedlings grown for the first month in the nursery are transplanted into flooded field;
Rice plants are harvested with knives, chaff, is operated from seeds hashed rice placed in a tray for winnowing.
In what regions of the world can you find wet rice NOT dominant?
India;
NE China
Describe how farmers use crop rotation in their farming methods
Rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each year to prevent exhausting the soil
Define aquaculture (aquafarming)
The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
How much of the world's surface is ocean?
90%
Describe the supply and demand of fishing production.
Increased demand to consume fish, increased global fish production 36 to 158 million metric tons.
Describe fish consumption as it correlates to population growth.
Large production of fish is converted to fish wealth only ⅔ of fish caught is consumed by humans.
In which countries are responsible for leading the Earth's fishing industry?
China, Chile, Indonesia, Peru
Define overfishing
Capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
Define agribusiness
A large farm that is run like a business
What are the major food-processing companies?
General Mills, Kraft
Which three types of agriculture derive most of their income from the sale of crops? Sale of animal products?
Grain, Mediterranean, commercial gardening and fruit → sale of crops;
Mixed cropped livestock, dairy, ranching → sale of animal products
Grain Farming Major Crops
Wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet
Who consumes grain farming
humans
What are three POSITIVES of wheat production?
Heavily mechanized;
Conducted on large farms;
Oriented to consumer preferences.
What are the three concentrations of wheat production in North America?
The winter wheat belt → Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma;
Spring wheat belt → Dakotas, Montana, Southern Saskatoon Canada;
Palouse Region→ Washington State
Who is the world's leader in wheat production?
United States
Mediterranean agriculture Locations
Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, California, Central Chile, SW Africa, SW Austrailia
environment of Mediterranean agriculture
Borders a sea; Moderate winter temp; Hot and dry summers; Hilly land, mountains, directly to sea, strips of flat land along the coast.
Horticulture
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
Describe the cycle of livestock and crops in mixed crop and livestock
Crops feed animals, animals provide manure for fertility.
What is the most frequently planted crop in the US?
Corn
Discuss a typical season and the requirements for success.
Crops planted in the spring, and then harvested in the Autumn.
Who was von Thunen?
Estate owner in Northern Germany proposed a model in 1826 the "isolated state"
According to this model, what two factors does a farmer consider when deciding what to plant?
Which crops to cultivate and which animals to raise base on market location.
Von Thunen Model
A model that explains the location of agricultureal activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market
how does the Von Thuen model determine what farmers grow?
Transportation costs change when products are shipped by water routes rather than over roads.
How does transportation cost influence profitability of growing wheat?
Farmer would make profit by growing wheat on land located less than 10,000 km from the market, beyond the 10,000 km, wheats is not profitable because of the cost of transportation.
In what type of areas in developed countries are dairy farms found?
LARGE urban areas
Which country is the world's leading milk producer?
India
define milkshed
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
What type of economic difficulties do dairy farmers face?
Declining revenues;
Rising Costs;
Lack of profitability;
Excessive workload;
Labor intensive;
Winter feed
Describe how labor-intensive and winter feed problems arise for dairy farmers.
-Cows must be milked 2x a day, constant attention throughout the year
-Cows are unable to feed on grass in winter, farmers need to purchase hay or groin
What is the difference between the sale of milk and the sale of butter? In what regions of the US are each found mostly?
Sale of milk- sell mile to wholesalers → East region in the US;
Sale of butter- Farmers delayed further from consumers are more likely to make butter to sell
Define ranching
commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
What is the United States a leading producer of?
Chicken and Beef
Cattle
Argentina, Southern Brazil, Uruguay
Sheep
Argentina, South Brazil, Uruguay,
What are the three leading producers of meat?
China, United States, Brazil
Describe why the United States has converted ranching land to crop growing.
Has lower operating costs.
Explain why in the last two centuries farmland has been lost.
Scientists believe that further expansion of agricultural land can feed the growing world population. But the population has increased much more rapidly than agricultural land.
Define Prime Agricultural Land.
the most productive farmland
Which state in the United States has the most threatened agricultural land? What technology has been used to help preserve certain farms?
Maryland, GIS was used to identify which farms could be preserved
Define desertification
Human actions are changing the land to deteriorate to a desert like condition.
What are three problems that lead to desertification?
Excessive crop planting, animal grazing, tree cutting.
