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Why did sea and land trade routes remain open after the Crusades?
China wanted European gold and silver and Europe wanted Chinese silk, tea, and rhubarb.
Second Golden Age of the Silk Roads
The period during which Arab merchants revived sea and land trade routes, Tang China developed the compass, paper, and gunpowder, and China imported luxury goods that appealed to the Chinese elite.
How did the Mongol Empire benefit trade?
After conquering the Abbasid Caliphate and China, many parts of the Silk Road were unified under the Mongols, who respected merchants, enforced laws, improved roads, and punished bandits.
What were the innovations that made traveling on the overland Silk Roads safer?
Traveling in caravans in groups and designing saddles for camels that allowed them to carry more.
Which advances in naval technology allowed China to control sea-based trade routes in the South China Sea?
The magnetic compass and rudder helped aid navigation and ship control, and the Chinese junk were less likely to sink that traditional ships.
What were the two significant effects of the expansion and stability of the Silk Roads?
The series of oases that developed along the routes and commercial innovations that helped to manage the increasing trade.
Kashgar
A city where the Northern and Southern routes of the Silk Roads crossed that was watered by the Kashgar River, allowing an abundance of wheat, rice, fruits, and cotton. Artisans produced goods that were sold in a market and it became a center of Islamic scholarship.
Samarkand
A city that was a stopping point on the Silk Roads between China and the Mediterranean. It was a center of exchange of goods and culture, and was religiously diverse and had many artisans.
Caravanserai
Inns located about 100 miles apart from one another on the arid Silk Roads where travelers could rest and get food and water.
Money Economy
An economic system that uses money rather than bartering.
Flying Cash
A system of credit that allowed a merchant to deposit paper money in one location and withdraw it at another. It became popular because coins were too unwieldy to transport for everyday transactions.
Banking Houses
Locations where merchants could exchange flying cash using a bill of exchange. They encouraged and supported trade by providing convenience and stability.
Bill of Exchange
A document stating the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date.
Hanseatic League
A commercial alliance between cities in Germany and Scandinavia that controlled trade in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, driving out pirates and monopolizing trade in goods like timber, grain, leather, and salted fish.
Where did ships from the Hanseatic League travel?
The Atlantic Coast of Western Europe, then the Mediterranean, where they might acquire goods from Arab caravans.
What was the effect of the growing demand for luxury goods from Afro-Eurasia, China, Persia, and India?
Increase in supply through expanded production, specifically an increase in iron and steel manufacturing in China (proto-industrialization).
