ch 2 vocab 🏛️

the language of art and architecture

achromatic value scale

value range from white to black, with gray tones in between

actual lines

lines made with drawing or writing materials that physically exist

additive color system

in light-emitting media, light added together results in the whitest, brightest light

arcade

a straight row of arches placed side by side

atmospheric perspective

the light, fuzzy handling of distant forms to make them seem farther away

barrel vault

tunnel-like arch

parts of a column

biomorphic

shapes that resemble living beings

brackets

clusters of interlocking wood pieces shaped like inverted pyramids

buttressing

additional exterior masonry placed to keep an arch stable

cantilever

horizontal beam anchored to/projecting from an upright post

colonnade

a row of columns supporting lintels

complete frame system

chinese wood frame system with totally non-load-bearing walls, brackets, and cantilevers

corinthian order

most complex and organic order, carved leaves on capital

cross-countours

repeated lines that go around an object and express its three-dimensionality

cross vault/groin vault

barrel vaults placed perpendicular through each other

doric order

no base, simple capital, geometric and practical

flying buttresses

internal buttresses that open up other buttresses

formal elements

line, light/value, color, texture/pattern, shape/volume, space, time/motion.

gesture lines

sketchy marks that mimic eye movement when examining a subject

gothic vault

ribbed vault with a pointed arch

hieratic scaling

points to the highest-ranking person in the scene using scale

hypostyle

rooms filled with columns

invented texture

product of human imagination

ionic order

taller, more slender, and more decorative than doric, scrolled capital, stepped base

isometric perspective

renders planes on a diagonal that doesn’t recede into space

load-bearing construction

when all areas of a wall support the structure above it

local colors

the colors normally found in the objects around us

pendentives

triangular concave sections created when a dome is placed on arches

pier

rectangular post that arches can rest on

planar space

the height and width of the picture surface (2d art)

post-and-lintel system

two upright posts supporting a crossbeam (lintel)

ribbed vault

cross vaults with barrel vaults that diagonally cross over them (forming ribs)

simulated texture

textures that mimic reality

squinches

spaces created when domes are placed on a square or polygonal base

subtractive color system

when artists mix pigments to control the light reflected from them (resulting in darker, muddier colors)

suspension & tensile construction

steel cables attached to vertical pylons/masts that can support large structures

truss

frame made of a series of wooden or steel triangles

vault

expanded arches made of stone

visual texture

illusionary texture

voussoirs

wedge-shaped stones that make up an arch