Periods 1/2

Tenancy

• The legal right to occupy or use land or property owned by another person, usually in exchange for rent (in form of money or crops)

Competency

• The ability to own property independently and be able to pass it down because if they couldn’t their children would be indentured servants and face a hard climb to be a property owner

Household mode of production

• Families swapping goods and labor that helped New Englanders maximize agricultural output + preserve freehold ideal

Squatters

• Someone who lives on land illegally in hopes they’ll be able to acquire it on legal terms

Redemptioner

• Flexible form of indentured servitude that allowed families to negotiate terms upon arrivals, often they would indenture 1 or more child while the parents set up a household

Enlightenment

• Emphasis on using human power to understand and shape the world (rationaleism, empiricism, humanism)

Pietism

• Christian movement that emphasized a personal relationship with God and the Individual

Natural rights

• Life, Liberty, and the property, rights that cannot be taken away from the human individual

Deism

• A way of thinking where a Supreme Being created the world and allowed it to operate by natural laws with no intervention of the people’s lives

Revival

• Renewal of religious enthusiasm, sparked when German migrants brought Pietism to America

Old Lights

• Condemned the saying in revivalist meetings and the New Lights claims of working miracles

• Conservative ministers

New Lights

• Converts that spread Whitefield’s message (his awakening) and embraced revival

• Attacked by Boston Minister Charles Chauncy allowing women to speak in public

Consumer Revolution

• Britain’s industrial development led to colonies buying from British manufacturers with their profits

• Raised living standards but left many consumers and colonies in debt

Regulators

• Landowning vigilantes that wanted reforms such as fairer taxes and more representation

Isaac Newton

• Used sciences of math and physics to explain movement of planets around the sun

• Undermined traditional Christian understanding of the cosmos

John Locke

• Enlightenment philosopher

• Emphasized impact of environment and experience on human behavior and beliefs + that individuals and society aren’t fixed and can be changed with education, rational thought, and purposeful action

• Natural rights guy

• People should have the power to change their government form and policies

Benjamin Franklin

• Founded Pennsylvania Gazette (influential newspaper)

• Formed a “club of mutual improvement” to discuss morals, politics, and natural philosophy

• Deist

• Questioned and rejected morality of slavery as he recognized the parallels between racial bondage and the colonies’ political bondage to Britain

• Promoted useful knowledge, founding American Philosophical Society

• Invented bifocal lenses for glasses, Franklin stove, and lightning rod

• Printed Whitefield’s sermons and journals

• Proposed a plan of union in the British Board of Trade meeting in Albany that would include all colonies in one government

  • Never got serious consideration because of the colonies’ independence and Parliament’s authority

Jonathan Edwards

• Minister in Massachusetts that encouraged a revival (of religion), his book gave Pietism a lot of its vitality

George Whitefield

• English minister that transformed revivals of Edwards + others into a Great Awakening

• Compelling presence

• Printed accounts of Whitefield helped confirm Pietists in their faith + strengthen communication networks that sustained them

Tanaghrisson

• Was sent to a native settlement which was a trading town in Ohio by Iroquois to maintain influence (Logstown)

• Britain recognized them as leaders

• Killed a French officer to ensure war so the British would force arms to support Iroquois interests

William Pitt

• British statesman and war hawk convinced the British Prime minister to launch American war against the French for Ohio

• Architect for British war effort, committed expansionist (arrogant too)

Pontiac

• Ottawa Chief declared he is French and wanted the white skinned (English) invaders to be expelled

• Led an uprising in Detroit and other Indians followed him, seizing British military garrison

• In peace settlement, him and his allies accepted the British as their new Political Fathers, Royal Proclamation of 1763 declared Indian control of the trans-Appalachian West and made it of limits to colonial settlement (which would be ignored)

Chattel slavery

• Ownership of humans and concept of humans as property

Neo-Europes

• Colonists trying to replicate systems from home

Encomnienda

• Allows conquistadors to claim tribute in labor + goods from indian communities

• Prominent men controlled vast resources + monopolized indian labor

Columbian Exchange

• Movement of disease + goods across the atlantic

Outwork

• Putting out system/manufacturing from home

Mercantilism

• Wealth came from favorable trade balances

House of Burgesses

• Could make laws and levy taxes but could be vetoed by England, based in Virginia

Royal colony

• Governor and advisory council appointed by king and ministers

Freeholds

• Farms owned by families or male partners

Headright system

• Guaranteed 50 acres of land to anyone who paid the passage of a new immigrant to the colony

Indentured servitude

• Contracts that bound people to work for a master before they could marry freely and work for themselves, also get passage into the Americans

Pilgrims

• Religious separatists, puritans who left the Church of England

Puritans

• Protestants who did not separate from the Church of England but hoped to purify it of its ceremony and hierarchy and fled to America

Joint stock corporation

• A commercial agreement that allows investors to pool their resources

Predestination

• The idea that God saved only a few chosen people

Toleration

• Argument that political magistrates had authority over only the “bodies, goods, and outward estates of men,” not their spiritual lives

Covenant of works

• The theological belief that salvation can be earned through good deeds, moral behavior, and strict obedience to church and societal laws

Covenant of grace

• God saved those he predestined for salvation

Town meeting

• Main institution of local government

Philip II

• King of Spain

• Determined to root out challenges to the Catholic Church wherever they appeared using his wealth

Francis Drake

• His Golden Hind circles the globe, captures Spanish treasure fleet

Opechancanough

• Led an assault/uprising because of the influx of migrants, sparking Indian American War of 1622

Lord Baltimore

• Was granted lands bordering Chesapeake Bay and persuaded assembly in Maryland to enact Toleration Act (allowed all Christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold church services)

John Winthrop

• Led Puritan exodus with departure of 900 migrants. He called England corrupt and overburdened with people and wanted land for his children and a place in Christian history for his people

• Gather in Massachusetts and transformed their joint stock company into a representative government system

Roger Williams

• Targeted by massachusetts bay magistrates to maintain God’s favor

• He advocated for toleration and obtained a corporate charter for Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson

• Targeted by massachusetts bay magistrates

• Believed in a covenant of grace with no covenant of works

• Also ended up on Rhode Island

Metacom

• Also King Philip and Wampanoag leader, who thought co existence was unlikely

• Allied with Narragansetts and Nipmucks and attacked white settlements, destroying ⅕ of eng towns with more devastating losses for the natives

  • Surviving Indians got displaced

    • Known as Metacom’s War, destroyed existence as independent people