final exam-bio 1520

interphase (ex)

G1; cell growth

S; synthesis (DNAR)

G2(continue to prepare for mitosis)

interphase

prophase (ex)

nuclear membrane breaks down

chromatin(protein+DNA) condenses

DNA condenses around protein (chromosomes)

spindle fibers form

prophase

metaphase (ex)

chromosomes meet in the _____ plate

metaphase

anaphase (ex)

kinetochore spilts

line gets shorter and chromosomes follow

use protein to connect to fibers

anaphase

telophase (ex)

spindles disappear

nuclear membrane forms around sets of chromosomes (2 nuclei) different spindles (actin) contract against nuclei

telophase

cytokinesis (ex)

division of cell membrane

cleavage furrow

cytokinesis

what are the general functions of mitosis

produce two identical daughter cells

growth ,repair ,maintenance

example of mitosis

skin cell replication

meiosis

occurs in reproductive organs

what does meiosis produce

haploid cells( sex cells )

what does mitosis produce

diploid cells ( somatic)

prophase 1

synapsis ; chromosomes from mom and dad pair up crossover; take different parts of chromosomes, combine with other genes

“why don’t we look alike”

metaphase 1

duplicate chromosomes line up in middle

mitosis number of divisions

1

meiosis number of divisions

2

mitosis number of cells produced

1 daughter cell

meiosis number of cells produced

4 daughter cells

mitosis genetic variation

no, exact copy of parent cell

meiosis genetic variation

yes, all four cells have genes form mom and dad crossover, combine in P1

mitosis reduction division

2N→2N

meiosis reduction division

2N-n

overall function mitosis

growth, repair , maintenance

overall function meiosis

haploid cell production ( sex cells ) egg/sperm

mitosis identical to

parents

meiosis identical to

nothing, each cell is different

chromosome number mitosis

23→23

46 pairs in all

chromsome number of meiosis

23-23-23-23

92 pairs in all

haploid

single set of chromosome (n) sex cells

diploid

having two complete sets of chromosomes (2N), somatic cells

homologous chromosome

diploid cell, one from mom (egg), other from dad (sperm) 23 pairs

homologous chromosome vs.sister chromatids

allele

alternate forms of gene

homozygous

same allele for a gene

two copies of same allele

(YY, yy)

heterozygous

different alleles for a gene (Yy)

dominant

allele expressed in homo dom and hetero

recessive

allele only express in homo rec

incomplete dominance

heterozygous phenotype, combination of two homozygous phenotypes

RR:red

Rr: pink

rr: white

codominance

both homozygous phenotypes expressed completely in heterozygous ex: type AB blood

genotype

allele present for single trait

example : hetero, homo, dom, homo rec

phenotype

physical expression of trait

ex: pink, round, yellow, gray

polygenic trait

trit encoded by multiple pairs of genes, range of phenotypes

ex: hair color, skin color, height, foot size

law of segregation (ex)

every trait has 2 alleles, they separate and combine during inheritance

meiosis law of segregation

separates alleles of a single individual, fertilization randomly combines alleles from both parents

each offspring has equal chance of receiving one of two genes, but not both expressed at the same time

law of segregation

law of independent assortment (ex)

alleles of gene for one trait separate from alleles of another gene for a trait

law of independent assortment

mendelian trait examples

widows peak, earlobe, freckles, eyebrows, eyelashes, eye space , eye size, dimples

non medalian trait examples

polygenic: hair color, eye color, height, foot size

incomplete dominance: mixed skin color

co-dominance: AB blood

a yellow flower (pp) was crossed with purple flower (Pp). what is the chance of obtaining yellow offspring

1/2

what is the genotype for this parent? heterozygous purple, homozygous dominant round corn. P-Purple,p-yellow, and R-round ,r-wrinkled

PpRR

in dogs long hair (L) is dominant over short hair (l) and wavy hair(W) is dominant over straight hair (w). what are the chances of obtaining puppies that have short straight hair if you breed two dogs that are heterozygous for both traits

1/16

in dogs, long hair (L) is dominate over short hair (l) and wavy hair(W) is dominate over straight hair (w). what are possible sex cells for this dog.Llww

Lw,Lw,lw,lw

STE buffer kept the ____ stable during our DNA isolation

pH

the SDS detergent _____ during our DNA isolation

dissolved the nuclear membrane

the proteinase K____during our DNA isolation

digested chromosomal proteins

DNA will not stay dissolved (in solution) in the presence of

salt and alcohol

a nucleotide consists of

5C sugar, phosphate group, N- base

how long is DNA

approx. 6ft

____ are the monomers (building blocks) of DNA

nucleotides

____ are given credit for publishing the first accepted model of DNA that we still use today

Watson and crick

DNA will migrate towards the ____ pole during electrophoresis

positive

base pair rules

A=T

G=C

basic DNA structure

double stranded

complementary

anti-parellel

double H bonds

chromosomes made from

DNA wrapped around protein and condensed

electrophoresis

analyzes DNA size

what does electrophoresis do

measures DNA by size of n-base pairs

bigger pieces are slower, don’t go as far in gel