Aldehydes and Ketones

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13 Terms

1
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What are carbonyls?

  • Compounds with a C=O bond.

  • Aldehydes, ketones or carboxylic acids.

  • Aldehydes and carboxylic acids have it at end of chain whereas ketones have it in the middle.

2
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Intermolecular forces in aldehydes and ketones

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3
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Solubility in water

<img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/10a4fdaa-65c4-48c5-9cae-fccb5c34c7bc.png" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt=""><p></p>
4
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Why is C=O polar?

  • Because O is more electronegative than carbon.

  • The positive carbon atom attracts nucleophiles.

5
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Oxidation reactions

  • Kr2CrO7 is an oxidising agent that causes alcohols and aldehydes to oxidise.

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<ul><li><p>Kr2CrO7 is an oxidising agent that causes alcohols and aldehydes to oxidise.</p></li><li><p></p></li></ul><img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/dce964a4-6114-4b09-b8b4-fa1462863855.png" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt="knowt flashcard image"><p></p>
6
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What is produced when heated under reflux?

JUST aldehydes

7
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Oxidation of aldehydes

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<img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/b7d06474-9e9b-4a44-8ab0-b20522cfff86.png" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt="knowt flashcard image"><p></p>
8
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Reduction of carbonyls

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<img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/0231f8d8-781f-495f-b457-4252dff48d99.png" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt="knowt flashcard image"><p></p>
9
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Mechanism for reduction mechanism: Nucleophilic addition

<img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/0b1dcbdf-709e-45a0-af28-235122154699.png" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt=""><p></p>
10
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Catalytic hydrogenation

<img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/171529b9-98cc-4fcb-a114-1e0af25a7c35.png" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt=""><p></p>
11
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Addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls to form hydroxy nitriles: conditions

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12
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Mechanism for addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls to form hydroxy nitriles

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<img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/f2a187e1-496a-4106-9fcc-fd855cc46a58.png" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt="knowt flashcard image"><p></p>
13
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How a racemic mixture can be formed when HCN is added to aldehydes and ketones

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<img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/a5e69631-ef4d-4a66-a3eb-5a6126f7e683.png" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt="knowt flashcard image"><p></p>