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12 Terms

1
Groundwater
A plentiful and renewable resource beneath the Earth's surface, used for drinking, irrigation, and industry.
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2
Soil Water Zone (Vadose Zone)
The uppermost layer closest to the surface that contains water and air in pore spaces, critical for infiltration.
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3
Capillary Zone
A subsurface zone located beneath the soil water zone where water is held by capillary action.
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4
Saturated Zone (Phreatic Zone)
The deepest zone where all pore spaces are completely filled with water, with the top called the water table.
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5
Unconfined Aquifers
Aquifers where the upper boundary is the water table, allowing direct recharge from rainfall.
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6
Confined Aquifers (Artesian Aquifers)
Aquifers where groundwater is held between two impermeable layers and is under pressure.
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7
Leaky Aquifers (Semi-Confined Aquifers)
Intermediate aquifers overlain by aquitards that allow limited vertical water movement.
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8
Porosity (n)
The percentage of void space in a rock or sediment that determines water storage capacity of an aquifer.
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9
Permeability (k)
A measure of the ability of a material to transmit fluids, depending on pore size and connectivity.
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10
Storage Coefficient (S)
Describes the volume of water an aquifer releases or absorbs per area for a unit change in water level.
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11
Transmissibility (T)
An aquifer's capacity to transmit water per unit width under a unit hydraulic gradient.
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12
Darcy's Law
A principle stating that groundwater flow rate is proportional to hydraulic gradient and medium's permeability.
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