stats unit 1 test

quantitative data

numerical data

qualitative data

Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic

discrete data

Numerical data values that can be COUNTED

continuous data

Data that can take any value ex weight and height

experimental study

the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables

observational study

observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses NO TREATMENT

components for a strong observational study

inclusive sampling design, verbiage/design of survey, academic and trustworthy data analysis, discussion of weakness, comparison groups when necessary, avoidance of simpsons paradox

simpson's paradox

when there are variables that may change results but researches do not account for those variables

confounding variable

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

sampling design

describes exactly how to choose a sample from the population

sampling bias

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

convenience sampling

choosing individuals who are easiest to reach

voluntary response sample

sample w people who choose to participate

undercoverage

some groups of population are left out in choosing population sample

nonresponse

when person selected can't be reached/refuses to respond

response bias

behavior or demographic of responder causes bias

simple random sample

every member of the population has a known and equal chance of selection, like putting data in a hat and then drawing randomly

stratified random sample

divides a large population into smaller, distinct subgroups based on shared characteristics, then selects a random sample from each subgroup to ensure all segments of the population are represented in the final sample

multistage sample

choose in stages often used in government

public opinion research studies

an assessment of public opinion obtained by questioning a representative sample

cross sectional studies

survey given to smaller samples within larger population AT SMALL TIME FRAME AT ONE POINT IN TIME, gives quick summery SHORT READY TO ANSWER

longitudinal study

research that follows and retests the same people over time

trend survey

LS examines shifts of thought processes over time

panel survey

survey to same group of people over years EXPENSIVE

cohort study

categories of ppl meeting criteria

retrospective study

data are collected from the past by going back in time

case control observational studies

ppl are sleected based on a defined outcome and control group is seperate for a baseline

cohort studies

the study of a group of people who share a common characteristic and move forward in time as a unit

question wording

confusing language or leading questions

golden standards for experimental studies

randomization in an experiment, double blind experiments, replicable controlled experiments

randomization in an experiment

randomly assigning ppl to different groups for treatment

double blind experiments

where subject and researchers who talk to subject don't know which treatment group they're in

replicable

repeatable

controlled experiments

have a control ground and one variable is manipulated at a time

placebo effect

improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

placebo

inactive treatment w 0 effect

blind study

one or more group like the researcher/participant don't know they're in a study

explanatory variable

independent variable

response variable

dependent variable

causation

direct relationship where one variable causes a change in another

statistically significant

p value less than 0.05, results are nOT BY CHANCE

completely randomized

all experimental units are allocated at random among all treatments

randomized controlled

subjects are randomly assigned to either an experimental OR control group

block design experiments

Group all individuals in the sample first by some common characteristic then randomly split them into the treatment groups within each block, look for the mention of grouping

matched pairs

a technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable