FINAL.Exam 2 Material

polyestrus

regular cycles throughout the year

seasonally polyestrus

cycles occur only during specific seasons

short- day breeders example:

sheep, goats, elk

long-day breeders example:

mares

monoestrus

one cycle per year with a prolonged estrus

monoestrus animals

dogs, wolves

proestrus

period before estrus where progesterone declines, estradiol rises and follicles grow

estrus

“heat”, peak estradiol, ovulation

metestrus

post-ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, progesterone rises

diestrus

longest phase, high progesterone, corpus luteum fully functional

phases of menstrual cycle

follicular and luteal

follicular phase

first half of menstrual cycle, follicle growth, estradiol increase, ovulation around day 14

luteal phase

second half, corpus luteum forms, progesterone increases

superficial implantation

chorion lies opposed to the uterine wall

superficial implantation - animals

cow, ewe, sow

eccentric implantation

chorionic sac in a uterine fold

eccentric implantation - animals

rodents, dog, cat

interstitial implantation

embryo digests part of the uterine wall

interstitial implantation - animals

human, guinea pig

placental functions

exchange, protection, endocrine

cotyledonary

cotyledons fuse with caruncles to form placentomes

cotyledonary - animals

cow, sheep

diffuse

microcotyledons distributed over the entire chorion

diffuse - animals

sow, mare

zonary

chorionic villi form a band

zonary - animals

dog, cat

discoid

villi confined to one of two disc-shaped areas

discoid - animals

rodents, primates

ovaries

produce oocytes and hormones

oviducts

transport oocytes and sperm, site of fertilization

oviducts =

fallopian tubes

uterus

supports embryo/fetus development

uterus - duplex

two cervices

uterus - bicornuate

uterine horns

uterus - simplex

no horns

cervix

connects uterus to vagina, protects uterus, aids in sperm transport

vagina

birth canal

duplex uterus - animals

marsupials, rabbits

bicornuate uterus - animals

cow, mare, ewe

simplex uterus - animals

primates

factors influencing onset of puberty:

breed, nutrition, external/social factors

onset of puberty - females

age at first estrus, ovulation and ability to support pregnancy

onset of pregnancy - males

age at first ejaculation, presence of sperm in ejaculate/urine, sufficient sperm count