PHYSIOLOGY

physiology

the "how" and "why"

Anatomy

the "what and "where"

cells

atoms, molecules, ______, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population of a species, ecosystem, biosphere

Cytoskeleton

What maintains cell shape, holds organelles in place, highway for vesicles, links cells together, movement?

Ribosomes

What part of the cell produces proteins?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Where in the cell is protein production occurring?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Where in the cell does lipid production occur?

Golgi apparatus

What in the cell packages, processes, and ships proteins?

Lysosomes

What part of the cell digests enzymes and recycles cell organic matter?

extracellular matrix

What has the function of anchoring cells in place to form tissue, strength, communication, and growth?

GAP junction

Communication Junction

gap junctions

Which junction has tunnels that allows cytoplasm to connect in-between cells, and has rapid communication (electrical signals or ions)

tight junctions

Occluding Junction (constructs an opening)

tight junctions

which junction prevents movement of material between cells, and is dynamic and can be adjusted to be leaky if needed?

GAP

cardiac cells are an example of what kind of junction?

Tight

stomach cells are an example of which kind of junction?

anchoring junctions

which junction anchors cells to one another or anchors cells to the extracellular matrix?

Anchoring Junctions

Which junction anchors and allows space between cells and allows tissue to stretch and twist without separation?

Anchoring

intestinal cells are an example of which type of cell junction?

syndactyly- one cause is mutated/ malformed by GAP junction

which causes fused fingers and toes.

What happens when cells can't communicate?

inside a cell

intracellular means?

outside the cell

extracellular means?

exocrine

The gland that secretes products into ducts or the outside of the body is the _________ gland

exocrine glands

milk ducts and salivary glands are examples of what type of gland?

endocrine

the gland that secretes products into the bloodstream is called the ________ gland

endocrine glands

testes and the thyroid gland are examples of which types of glands?

simple squamous

this is an example of which type of epithelial cell?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

this is an example of which kind of cell shape?

stratified cuboidal epithelium

this is an example of which kind of epithelial cell shape?

exchange epithelial tissue

capillaries are an example of which general function type of epithelium?

transporting epithelial tissue

small intestinal cells are an example of which general function type of epithelium?

Cilitated epithelium

the trachea is an example of which general function type of epithelium?

protective epithelial tissue

skin epidermis is an example of which general function type of epithelium?

secretory epithelial tissue

goblet cells are an example of which general function type of epithelium?

connective tissue

blood, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, adipose (fat) tissue and dermis are all examples of what type of tissue?

it has a lot of ground substance

What is a unique characteristic of connective tissue?

muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth are all subtypes of

functions is skeletal movement, and attaches to bone

what is the function of skeletal muscle?

voluntary

skeletal muscle is _________

functions to contract the heart

what is the function of cardiac muscle?

involuntary

is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

contracts organs, such as intestines, esophagus and blood vessels

what is the function of smooth muscle?

involuntary

is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

neurons and glial cells

what are two examples of nervous tissue?

transmit signals from one part of the body to the other

what is the function of neurons? (nervous tissue)

act as support cells for neurons

what is the function of glial cells?

because it is made up of two tissue types (epidermis and dermis)

why is your skin classified as an organ?

transport of materials between all cells and the body

circulatory system (organ system) function

conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body elimination of some waste

digestive system (organ system chart) function

coordination of the body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules

endocrine system ( organ system chart)

defense against foreign invaders

immune system (organ system chart)

protection from external environment

integumentary system ( organ system chart)

support and movement

musculoskeletal system (organ system chart)

coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules

nervous system (organ system chart)

Perpetuation of the species

reproductive system ( organ system chart)

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments

respiratory system ( organ system chart)

maintenence of water and solutes in internal environment- waste removal

urinary system ( organ system chart)

inside the cell

if a signal molecule is lipophilic where is the receptor likely found?

outside the cell

if a signal molecule is lipophobic where is the receptor likely found?

gap junctions

chemical and electrical signals transferred through cytoplasm is which type of cell communication?

contact-dependent signals

interaction between membrane molecules on adjacent cells is which type of cell communication?

local diffusion

chemicals diffusing from one cell to another is which type of cell communication?

autocrine signals

act on the same cell that secreted them

paracrine signals

secreted by one cell and diffuses to adjacent cells

hormones

chemicals secreted into the blood is which type of cell communication?

Neurotransmitters

chemical diffuses from one neuron to another cell is which type of cell communication?

neurohormones

chemicals that diffuse from one neuron to the blood and chemicals that diffuse from a neuron is which type of cell communication?

signal molecule

what is considered the first messenger?

intracellular signal molecules

what is considered the second messenger?

the receptor

in cells what is the transducer?

when a cell decreases the number of receptors

what is down regulation?

when a cell increases it's number of receptors.

what is up regulation?

narcan acts as an antagonist and shuts off opioid receptors in the brain

how does narcan work to save someone from opioid overdose?

extracellular fluid

in multicellular organisms, the internal environment is the _________

to keep ECF stable

what is the goal of homeostasis?

local control

change in a cell or tissue ( restricted to where response took place)

reflex control

change widespread in the body ( must travel long distances)

positive feedback

when response is the same as the stimulus

negative feedback

when the response is opposite from the stimulus

blood plasma and interstitial fluid

what two parts make up extracellular fluid?

that can pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer

small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules, lipid based molecules and water are all characteristics of molecules ________________________________-

small, uncharged, hydrophobic, lipid soluble, and Non polar

what kind of molecules can use simple diffusion?

simple diffusion

diffusion, but through the phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane) and diffuses to equilibrium.

facilitated diffusion

the random movement of molecules from high to low concentration through a cell membrane transport protein.

large, charged, hydrophilic, not lipid soluble, and polar

what kind of molecules use facilitated diffusion?

channel proteins

which type of transport protein has open (leaky) channels, gated channels, water hitches a ride through, and a stimulus is needed to open it?

carrier proteins

which type of transport protein changes shape when a substance binds to it, never makes a continuous pathway so water doesn't catch a ride, and comes in 3 types (uniport, symport and antiport)?

increased concentration gradient, increased surface area, increased membrane permeability, lower molecular weight, thinner membrane

according to ficks law what would make a substance diffuse faster across a membrane?

from low to high concentration

which way does water move during osmosis?

yes

if there are more solutes on one side and they are trapped, will water come this was during osmosis?

Hypertonic

the side of the membrane with more trapped solutes

Hypotonic

side of the membrane with fewer trapped solutes

Isotonic

when both sides of the membrane have an equal number of solutes

primary active transport

when energy comes directly from ATP and the transports usually have "ATPase" in their name it is ___________________

primary active transport

a sodium potassium pump (aka Na+ -K+- ATPase pump) is an example of ________?

secondary active transport

kinetic energy from one molecule ( high to low) powers the moving of another molecule (low to high) is the definition of __________________

secondary active transport

Na+- glucose transporter (SGLT) is an example of

The sodium potassium pump

30% of the energy in your body is using right now is dedicated to what process?

Na+

what is high in the ECF?